CAR 



CAR 



always as the cubes of their distances : 

 and therefore, since they do not observe 

 that law, which of necessity they must, 

 if they swim in a vortex, it is a demon- 

 stration, that there are no vortices is 

 which the planets are carried round the 

 sun. 



CARTHAMUS, in botany, English has- 

 tard saffron, a genus of the Syngenesia 

 Polygamia ./Equalis class and order. 

 Natural order of Composite, or com- 

 pound flowers, and division of Capitatae. 

 Cinarocephalse, Jussieu. Essential cha- 

 racter: calyx ovate, imbricate with scales, 

 which at the end are subovate-foliaceous. 

 There are ten species, of which C. tinc- 

 torius, officinal bastard saffron, is an an- 

 nual plant ; it is two feet and a half high, 

 dividing upwards into many branches, 

 with ovate-pointed sessile leaves. The 

 flowers grow single at the extremity of 

 each branch, the heads are large, inclos- 

 ed in a scaly calyx. It flowers in July 

 and August. It grows naturally in Egypt 

 and in some of the warm parts of Asia. 



CARTILAGE, in anatomy, a body ap- 

 proaching much to the nature of bones, 

 bee Ax ATOMY. 



Cartilage has so much induration, as to 

 require the exertion of some force to 

 bend it ; and in a morbid state it fre- 

 quently becomes ossified. Bone, on the 

 other hand, is, in the first stages of its 

 growth, cartilaginous ; it sometimes be- 

 comes so from disease. A cartilaginous 

 matter exists in the hardest bones, and 

 i'orms their basis : from which the other 

 ingredients, the gelatine and earthy mat- 

 ter, may be removed. Cartilages are 

 solid, but easily cut : they are elastic, 

 dense, white, and semi-transparent. 

 They cover the articulated extremities of 

 bones, and sometimes form distinct parts. 

 The matter of cartilage has been exa- 

 mined by Mr Hatchett, who considers it 

 as indurated albumen. 



CARTILAGINOUS fishes, those with 

 cartilaginous instead of bony skeletons : 

 they constitute an order of fishes, an- 

 swering to the Chondropterygious and 

 Brancliiostegious of Linmeus. See Ciiox- 



JUHOPTKBYGIOUS. 



CARTOX, or CAUTOOS, in painting, a 

 design drawn on strong paper, to be af- 

 terwards traced through, and transferred 

 on the fresh plaster of a wall, to be paint- 

 ed in fresco. 



In Italian, whence the term seems to 

 be derived, cartone, or cartoni, signifying 

 large paper, denotes several sheets of 

 paper pasted on canvas, on which large 



VOL.TI1. 



designs are made, whether coloured, or 

 with chalks only. Of these cartoons 

 there are many by Dominichino Leonar- 

 do da Vinci, Andrea Mantegna, Michael 

 Angelo, &c. but the most celebrated 

 performances of this kind are the car- 

 toons of Raphael, or Raffaello Sanzio Da 

 Urbino, which are seven in number, and 

 form only a small part of the sacred his- 

 torical designs, executed by this famous 

 artist while engaged in the chambers of 

 the Vatican, under the auspices of Pope 

 Julius II. and Leo X. As soon as they 

 were finished they were sent to Flan- 

 ders, to be copied in tapestry, for adorn- 

 ing the pontifical apartments ; but the 

 tapestries were not conveyed to Rome 

 till after the decease of Raphael, and 

 probably not before the dreadful sack of 

 that city in 1527, under the pontificate of 

 Clement VII. when Raphael's scholars 

 having fled from thence, none were left 

 to enquire after the original cartoons, 

 which lay neglected in the store-rooms 

 of the manufactory. The revolution that 

 happened soon after in the Low Coun- 

 tries prevented their being noticed dur- 

 ing a period, in which works of art were 

 wholly neglected. These seven, how- 

 ever,, escaped the wreck of the others, 

 which were torn in pieces, and of which 

 some fragments remain in different col- 

 lections. These were purchased by Ru- 

 bens for Charles I. but they had been, 

 much injured. In this state they also 

 fortunately escaped being sold in the 

 royal collection, by the disproportionate 

 appraisement of these seven at 300/. ; 

 and the nine pieces, which were the tri- 

 umph of Julius Cxsar, by Andrea Man- 

 tegna, appraised at 1000/. The cartoons 

 seem to have been little noticed, till King- 

 William III. built a gallery for the pur- 

 pose of receiving them at Hampton court. 

 After having suffered much from the 

 damps of the situation in which they 

 were placed, they were removed by or- 

 der of his present Majesty, King George 

 111. to the Queen's Palace at Buckingham 

 House, and from thence to the Castle at 

 Windsor. His Majesty is entitled to a 

 tribute of respect and applause for his 

 care in preserving these precious trea- 

 sures. They have been long deservedly 

 held in high estimation throughout Eu- 

 rope, by all authors of refined taste, and 

 by all the admirers of the art of design, 

 for their various and matchless merit, 

 particularly with regard to the inven- 

 tion, and to the noble expression of such 

 a variety of characters, countenances., 

 X 



