CAS 



CAB 



ed with a thin smooth bark, which ad- 

 heres closely to the wood: the leaves 

 are like those of the bay-tree, and are 

 placed opposite on the branches. The 

 flowers are produced in loose bunches 

 at the end of the branches ; they are 

 small, white, and have a great number of 

 stamens, which are much longer than the 

 petals. The flowers are succeeded by 

 oval berries, which are crowned by the 

 calyx, divided into four parts, spreading 

 flat on the top of the fruit : it is the young 

 fruit, beaten from the trees before they 

 are halt grown, which are the cloves used 

 all over Europe. It is found in all the 

 Moluccas, in many of the South Sea 

 islands, and in New Guinea. 



CAKYOTA, in botany, a genus of the 

 Monoecia Polyandria class and order. 

 Natural order of Palms. Essential cha- 

 racter : male, calyx common ; corolla tri- 

 partite ; stamens very many : female, ca- 

 lyx as in the male ; corolla tripartite ; 

 pistil one ; berry dispermous. There are 

 two species. C. urens is a lofty palm- 

 tree ; the trunk is very large, covered 

 with a sort of cinereous crust, which is 

 quite smooth. The flowers are in long 

 pendulous spikes, on which they grow in 

 pairs. The. corolla, which is sometimes 

 bipartite, but commonly tripartite, is at 

 first green, then red or purple, and final- 

 ly yellow. C. mitis is about fifteen feet in 

 height, a most beautiful plant, growing in 

 the woods of Cochinchina. 



CASCADE, a steep fall of water from 

 a higher into a lower place. They are 

 either natural, as that of Trivoli, &c. or 

 artificial, as those of Versailles, &c. and 

 either falling with gentle descent, as 

 those of Sceaux ; or in form of a buffet, 

 as at Trianon ; or down steps, in form of 

 a perron, as at St. Cloud ; or from basin 

 to basin, &c. 



CASE, among grammarians, implies 

 the different inflections or terminations 

 of nouns, serving to express the different 

 relations they bear to each other, and to 

 the things they represent. There is 

 great diversity among grammarians, with 

 regard to the nature and number of cases; 

 they generally find six, even in most of 

 the modern languages, which they call 

 the nominative, genitive, dative, accusa- 

 tive, vocative, and ablative ; but this 

 seems in compliance with their own ideas 

 of the Greek and Latin, which they trans- 

 fer to their own languages. The termi- 

 nation is not the sole criterion of a case ; 

 for though some authors reckon five cases 

 of nouns in the Greek, and six in Latin, 

 yet several of these cases are frequently 



alike : as the genitive and dative singular 

 of the first and fifth declensions of the 

 Latin ; the dative and ablative plural of 

 all the declensions, &c. ; the genitive and 

 dative dual of the Greek, &c. The Eng- 

 lish, and many other modern languages, 

 express the various relations, not by 

 changes in the terminations, as the an- 

 cients, but by the apposition of articles. 

 Grammarians, however, admit of three 

 cases in the English nouns ; viz. the 

 nominative, possessive, and objective. 

 The nominative expresses simply the 

 name of a thing, or the subject of the 

 verb ; the possessive expresses the rela- 

 tion of property or possession ; and the 

 objective expresses the object of an ac- 

 tion, or of a relation, and follows a verb 

 active or a preposition. 



CASK, among printers, denotes a slop- 

 ing frame, divided into several compart- 

 ments, containing a number of types or 

 letters of the same kind. From these 

 compartments the compositor takes out 

 each letter as he wants it, to compose a 

 page or form. Thus they say, a case of 

 pica, of Greek, &c. Earl Stanhope, who 

 has made great improvements in the 

 printing-press, has contrived a case, 

 which is said to be much more conve- 

 nient to the workmen than those in com- 

 mon use. 



CASE hardening, a method of preparing 

 iron, so as to render its outer surface 

 hard, and capable of resisting any edged 

 tool. The process of case-hardening, 

 which is, in truth, a superficial conversion 

 of iron into steel, depends on the cement- 

 ation of it with vegetable or animal coals. 

 We have seen small articles of iron con- 

 verted into steel, by heating it in a cruci- 

 ble with pieces of leather, horn, &c. The 

 whole must be raised to a great heat by 

 means of a forge, furnace, &c. See IRON. 



CAsv-shot, in the military art, musket 

 ball, stones, old iron, 8tc. put into cases, 

 and shot out of great guns. 



CASERNS, in fortification, lodgings 

 built in garrison towns, generally near 

 the rampart, or in the waste places of the 

 town, for lodging the soldiers of the gar- 

 rison. There are usually two beds in 

 each casern for six soldiers to lie, who 

 mount the guard alternately ; the third 

 part being always on duty. 



CASH, in the commercial style, signi- 

 fies the stock of money which a merchant, 

 trader, or banker, has at his disposal, in 

 order to trade. 



CASHEW nut, the fruit of the acajou 

 tree, reckoned by Linnaeus a species of 

 anacardium. See A^ACARDIUM. 



