CEL 



CEM 



oi animal matter, termed gelatine. Its 

 watery solution assumes, when cold, the 

 appearance of jelly, and, after a particular 

 mode of preparation, constitutes glue. 



From the universal eKtent of this cel- 

 lular texture, two conclusions may be 

 drawn. 1. It forms the basis of the 

 whole animal fabric in such a way, that, 

 if we conceive every part removed, ex- 

 cept this, the form of the whole would 

 still be expressed in cellular substance. 

 2. It forms a connection and passage be- 

 tween all parts of the body, however re- 

 mote in situation, or dissimilar in struc- 

 ture. For the cells of this substance 

 every where communicate, as we may 

 collect from facts of the most common 

 and familiar occurrence. The air in em- 

 physema spreads rapidly from the chest 

 to .the most remote parts of the body ; it 

 has been known in such a case to gain ad- 

 mission into the eye-ball. 



CELOSIA, in botany, a genus of the 

 Pentandria Monogynia class and order. 

 Natural order of Miscellanex. Amaranthi, 

 Jussieu. Essential character : calyx three- 

 leaved ; leaflets similar to those of the 

 five-pe'alled corolla ; stamina conjoined 

 at the base to the plated nectary ; cap- 

 sule gaping horizontally. There are four- 

 teen Species. Celosias, or cock's combs, 

 are all herbaceous plants, and annual. 

 The flowers are glomerate in spikes or 

 panicles, some of which are fluted and 

 shaped somewhat like the comb of a cock. 

 Natives of the East Indies, China, Cochin 

 China, and Japan. 



CELSIA, in botany, a genus of the Di- 

 dynamia Angiospermia class and order. 

 Natural order of Lurid je. Solaneae, Jus- 

 sieu. Essential character : calyx five- 

 parted ; corolla rotated ; filament beard- 

 ed ; caspule two-celled. There are four 

 species. Natives of the Levant, Crete, 

 the East Indies, and Peru. 



CELTIS, in botany, English lote, or 

 nettle-tree, a genus of the Polygamia Mo- 

 noecia class and order. Natural order of 

 Scabridse. Amentacex, Jussieu. Essen- 

 tial character : Herm. calyx five-parted ; 

 corolla none ; stamina five ; styles two ; 

 drupe one-seeded : male, calyx six-part- 

 ed ; corolla none ; stamina six. There 

 are seven species, of which C. australis, 

 European nettle-tree, or lote tri e, with a 

 black fruit, is about fifty feet in height, 

 with slender branches, which have a 

 smooth dark coloured bark with grey 

 spots. The fruit is the size of a pea ; it 

 grows naturally in the south of France, 

 where it is one of the largest trees. The 

 wood of this tree is exceedingly hard, and 



when it arrives to any size, its hardi 

 toughness, and flexibility, entitle it to 

 very important services. Its fine regular 

 spreading head, of a cheerful green co- 

 lour, renders this tree very proper for 

 clumps in parks, groves, single trees, or 

 avenues. 



CEMENT copper. The copper procur- 

 ed from the sulphate by precipitation 

 with iron is so called. 



CEMENTATION, in the arts, a gene- 

 ral method of forming steel from iron, by 

 means of the application of charcoal. In 

 a proper furnace, layers of bars of malle- 

 able iron, and layers of charcoal, are 

 placed one upon another, the air exclud- 

 ed, the fire is raised to a great height, 

 and kept up for eight or ten days. If 

 after this the conversion of the iron into 

 steel be complete, the fire is extinguished, 

 and the whole is left to cool for six or 

 eight days longer. Iron prepared in this 

 manner is named blistered steel, from the 

 blisters which appear on its surface, 

 Copper is converted into brass by cemen- 

 tation with a powder of calamine and 

 charcoal. The powder thus used is call- 

 ed cement powder. 



CEMENTS and iutes. Under this ar- 

 ticle may be mentioned the receipts for 

 preparing some of the most useful sub- 

 stances of this kind that are required in 

 common chemical operations. The uses 

 of lutes and cements are either to close 

 the joinings of chemical vessels to pre- 

 vent the escape of vapours and gases dur- 

 ing the processes of distillation, sublima- 

 tion and the like, or to protect vessels 

 from the action of the fire, which might 

 crack, or fuse, or calcine them ; or 

 sometimes to repair flaws and cracks, and 

 for a variety of other smaller purposes. 



From the vast variety of receipts for 

 lutes and cements of different kinds, the 

 following may be selected, which will an- 

 swer most of the purposes of the expe- 

 rimental chemist. To prevent the es- 

 cape of the vapours of water, spirit, and 

 liquors not corrosive, the simple applica- 

 tion of slips of moistened bladder will an- 

 swer very well for glass, and paper with 

 good paste for metal. Bladder, to be ve- 

 ry adhesive, should be soaked some time 

 in water moderately warm, till it feels 

 clammy ; it then sticks very well : if 

 smeared with white of egg, instead of wa- 

 ter, it adheres still closer. Another ve- 

 ry convenient lute is linseed meal, mois- 

 tened with water to a proper consistence, 

 well beaten, and applied pretty thick 

 over the joinings of the vessels. This 

 immediately renders them tight, and the 



