CEUE 



CHA 



also crystallized. Specific gravity 3.76 to 

 ].79. 1 1 is found, in sand, with tourmalin 

 and other fossils. 



CHJEROPHYLLUM, in botany, a genus 

 of the Pentandria Digynia class and order. 

 Natural order of Umbellatae. Essential 

 character : invol. reflected, concave ; pe- 

 tals heart-inflected ; fruit oblong, even. 

 There are ten species, of which C. bulbp- 

 sum, tuberous chervil, is about five or six 

 feet high, with reddish spots, smooth and 

 even at top, swelling at the joints. Both 

 umbels of unequal rays, the partial rather 

 convex; petals white, obcordate, un- 

 equal ; some florets of the disk abortive. 

 It is a native of Germany, Austria, Swit- 

 zerland and Norway ; in hedges and by 

 wood sides ; flowering in June and July. 

 C. silvestre, wild cicely or coxv-weed, and 

 C. temulum, wild chervil, rough cow- 

 parsley, are both common weeds; the 

 others are admitted only into botanic gar- 

 dens, not being in use either for medi- 

 cine or in the kitchen. 



CHJETODON, in natural history, a ge- 

 nus of fishes of the order Thoracic! : ge- 

 neric character : head and mouth small ; 

 teeth close set, flexile, setaceous ; gill 

 membrane three, four, five, or six rayed ; 

 body broad, compressed, and generally 

 faciated ; dorsal and anal fin thick, fleshy, 

 and scaly at the base. The fishes of this 

 numerous genus are generally extremely 

 beautiful, 'their colours remarkably vivid, 

 and their variegations consisting chiefly 

 of stripes, lines, bends, or spots; their 

 body covered with strong scales, which 

 are finally denticulated at the margin ; 

 the dorsal and anal fins are remarkably 

 broad. According to Gmelin there are 

 about 60 species. Dr. Shaw has enumerat- 

 ed and described still more. The latter 

 has divided them iato classes, of which 

 the first is described as having a single 

 dorsal fin, and even or rounded tail, or 

 very slightly inclining to crescent-shaped 

 in some few species ; among the species 

 of this class is C. plectorhenchus, or pleat- 

 nose chzetodon. See Plate III. Pisces, 

 fig. 1. The species of the second class have 

 a single dorsal fin, and forked or lunated 

 tail : those of the third class have two 

 dorsal fins. 



CHAFF, in agriculture, the husky sub- 

 'stMice of corn, which is separated by 

 threshing and winnowing. It also some- 

 times signifies the rind of corn ; thus, bar- 

 ley that has a thick rind is said to be 

 thick-chaffed; and it likewise implies 

 straw, &c. cut small for the purpose of 

 being given to horses and other cattle, 

 mixed with corn. This substance, whe- 



ther obtained by the dressing of grain or 

 made from straw and other matters by 

 cutting, is highly useful in the feeding of 

 horses and many other animals, as suving 

 much 01 her more valuable food. Besides 

 its advantage in the common feeding of 

 animals, it is of vast utility in the fattening 

 of different sorts of animals, where much 

 luxuriant green food is given as a dry 

 meat ; as without some sort of material 

 of this nature they never go on well. 



CHAIN, a long piece of metal com- 

 posed of several links or rings, engaged 

 the one in the other. They are imde of 

 divers metals, some round, some flat, 

 others square, some single, some double. 

 A gold chain is one of the badges of the 

 dignity of the Lord Mayor of London, and 

 remains to the person after his being 

 divested of that office, as a mark that he 

 has passed the chair. It is also the badge 

 of office of the sheriff', but only while in 

 office. 



CHA ix is also a string of gold, silver, 

 or steel wire, wrought like a tissue, which 

 serves to hang watches, tweezer-cases, 

 and other valuable toys upon. The inven- 

 tion of these pieces of workmanship was 

 derived originally from England, whence 

 foreigners give them the name of chains 

 of England. 



In making these chains,a part of the wire 

 is folded into little links of an oval form, 

 the longest diameter about three lines, 

 the shortest one. These, after they have 

 been exactly soldered, are again folded 

 into two, and then bound together and 

 interwoven by means of several other lit- 

 tle threads of the same thickness, some of 

 which passing from one end to the other, 

 imitate the warp of a stuff, and the others, 

 which pass transversely, the woof; there 

 are at least four thousand little links, in a 

 chain of four pendants, so equally, and at 

 the same time so firmly, connected, that 

 the eye takes the whole to consist of one 

 piece. 



CHAIX, in surveying, a measure ot 

 length, made of a certain number of links 

 of iron-wive, serving to take the distance 

 between two or more places. Gunter's 

 chain is of 100 such links, each measur- 

 ing? _^2_ inches, and consequently equal 

 to 66 feet, or four poles. When you are 

 to measure any line by this chain, you 

 need have a guard to no other denomina- 

 tion than chains and links, which are to 

 be set down with a full point between 

 them. Thus, for instance, if the side of 

 a close is found to be 10 chains 14 links, 

 it must be set down thus, 10.14. But if 

 the links be under 10, a cypher must be 



