HA 



CHA 



challenge immediately, while the jury is 

 full, and before they are sworn. This 

 was supposed to be law with regard to 

 challenges made for the crown, but in 

 the memorable state trials of 1794, the 

 crown lawyers challenged without shew- 

 ing cause, declaring that they were not 

 bound to shew reason till the whole pan- 

 nel was gone through, and then only in 

 case that a sufficient number of jurors 

 were not left. This was the case, and 

 the consequence was, that the persons 

 whom they hud challenged were then 

 taken, against whom it was ascertained 

 there was no 1 cause of challenge whatever. 

 Challenge to the array is in respect of 

 the partiality or default of the sheriff, 

 coroner, or other officer, that made the 

 return ; and it is then twofold. First, 

 principal challenge to the array, which, if 

 it be made good, it is a sufficient cause of 

 exception, without leaving any thing to 

 the judgment of the triers ; as, if the 

 sheriff be of kindred to either party, or if 

 any of the jurors be returned at the no- 

 mination of either of the parties. Second- 

 ly, challenged to the array for favour, 

 which being no principal challenge, must 

 be left to the discretion and conscience of 

 the triers. As where either of the par- 

 lies suspect that the juror is inclined to 

 favour the ' opposite party. Principal 

 challenge to the polls, is where cause is 

 shewn, which, if found true, stands suffi- 

 cient of itself, without leaving any thing 

 to the triers ; as, if the juror be under 

 the age of 21, it is a true cause of chal- 

 lenge. 



CHALYBEATE. See MINERAL WA- 

 TERS. 



CHAMA, in natural history, a genus 

 of Verities Testacea. Animal a tethys : 

 shell bivalve, rather coarse ; hinge with 

 a callous gibbosity, obliquely inserted in 

 an oblique hollow ; anterior slope closed : 

 about 25 fpecies, of which we shall no- 

 tice only the C. gigas : shell plaited, with 

 arched scales: posterior slope gaping, 

 with crenulate margins. It inhabits the 

 Indian ocean,' and is sometimes so small 

 as not to measure an inch in length ; 

 sometimes far exceeds all other testa- 

 ceous productions, having been found of 

 the weight of 532 pounds, and the fish or 

 inhabitant so large as to furnish 120 men 

 with food, and strong enough to cut 

 asunder a cable and lop off' men's hands; 

 shell lucid, white, sometimes rosy, varied 

 with yellow, red, and white : po.iterior 

 aperture ovate, with a tumid crenate cir- 

 cumference ; margin toothed ; hinge arm- 

 ed with a tooth besides the callus. 



CHAMjfiLEOX, in botany, a genus of 



the Syngenesia Segregata class and or- 

 der. Calyx six or eight flowered, imbri- 

 cate, many-leaved ; calycle one-flower- 

 ed, many-leaved ; florets tubular, all 

 hermaphrodite ; receptacle naked ; seeds 

 covered with a calycle growing to them ; 

 one species, a native of the South of Eu- 

 rope. 



CHAMJEROPS, in botany, dwarf palm, 

 or palmetto. Essential character : herma- 

 phrodite; calyx three-parted; corolla 

 three petalled ; stamina six ; pistils three ; 

 drupes three, one-seeded : males, dioe- 

 cous, as in the hermaphrodite. There 

 are three species, of which C. humilis, 

 dwarf fan palm, never rises with an up- 

 right stem ; the foot stalks of the leaves 

 rise immediately from the head of the 

 root, anil are armed on each side with 

 strong spuies ; they are flat on their 

 upper surface, and convex on their un- 

 der side : from between the leaves comes 

 out the spadix or club, which sustains the 

 flowers ; this is covered with a thin spathe 

 or hood, which falls off' when the bunch- 

 es open and divide. It grows naturally 

 in Italy, Sicily, and Spain, particularly in 

 Andalusia, where, in the sandy land, the 

 roots spread and propagate so fast, as to 

 cover the ground in the same manner as 

 fern in England. 



CHAMBERLAIN, an officer charged 

 with the management and direction of a 

 chamber. 



There are almost as many kinds of 

 chamberlains as chambers, the principal 

 of which are as follow : 



CHAMBEIILAIX, Lord, of Great Britain, 

 the sixth great officer of the crown ; to 

 whom belongs livery and lodging in the 

 king's court ; and there are certian fees 

 due to him from each archbishop or 

 bishop, when they perform their homage 

 to the king : and from all peers at their 

 creation, on doing their homage. At the 

 coronation of every king, he is to have 

 forty ells of crimson velvet for his own 

 robes. This officer, on the coronation 

 clay, is to bring the king his shirt, coif, 

 and, wearing clothes; and after the king- 

 is dressed, he claims his bed, and all the 

 furniture of his chamber, for his fees: he 

 also carries, at the coronation, the coif, 

 gloves, anil linen, to be used by the king 

 on that occasion ; also the sword and 

 scabbard, the gold to be offered by the 

 king, and the robes royal and crown : he 

 dresses and undresses the king on that 

 day, waits on him before and after din- 

 ner, &c. To this officer belongs the care 

 of providing all things in the House of 

 Lords, in the time of the Parliament : to 

 him also belongs the government of the 



