CHA 



CHA 



Hence the odds against his 



succeeding will be as 34375 to 12281, or 

 nearly as three to one. 



We have already observed, that the 

 doctrine of chances is particularly appli- 

 cable to the business of life annuities and 

 assurance. This depends on the chance 

 of life in all its stages, which is found by 

 the bills of mortality in different places. 

 These bills exhibit how many persons up- 

 on an average out of a certain number 

 born are left at the end of each year, to 

 the extremity of life. From such tables 

 the probability of the continuance of a 

 life of any proposed age is known. 



Example. To find the probability that 

 an individual of a given age will live one 

 year. Let A be the number in the tables 

 of the given age, B the number left at the 



end of the year; then- is the probability 



that the individual will live one year; and 

 A R 

 - the probability that he will die in 



that time. In Dr. H alley's tables, out of 

 586 at the age of 22, 579 arrive at the age 

 of 23 ; hence the probability that an indi- 



579 

 vidual aged 22 will live one year is -r^, or 



5oD 



^nearly ; and ~5gg or g4 nearly is the pro " 

 bability that he will die in that time. See 

 MORTALITY, bills of, &c. 



Those who would enter more at large 

 into this subject may be referred to the 

 works already mentioned, or to the arti- 

 cle CHANCES in the new Cyclopaedia of Dr. 

 Rees, a work that will be found in every 

 library of general literature, and in which 

 this subject is treated with great ability. 

 Though we shall under the article GAM- 

 IXG refer again to the doctrine of chances, 

 it may not be amiss to mention a deduc- 

 tion or two, drawn by the writer of the 

 article just referred to, as the necessary 

 consequences of mathematical reasoning. 

 The first is : suppose a lottery consist- 

 ing of 25,000 tickets, of which 20 are to 

 be prizes of 1000/. and upwards ; a per- 

 son, to have an equal chance of one of 

 those prizes, must purchase about 870 

 tickets, which at 20/. each is equal to 



Again : suppose there are three prizes 

 of 20,000/. and three of 10,000/. and a 

 person out of 25,000 tickets has purchased 

 3000 of them to his own share, in hopes 

 of gaining one of each of these capital 

 prizes ; still the chances against such an 



expectation will be nearly twelve to one. 

 See GAMIXG. 



CHAXCE medley, in law, is the acci- 

 dental killing of a man not altogether 

 without the killer's fault, though without 

 any evil intention ; and is where one is 

 doing a lawful act, and a person is killed 

 thereby; for, if the act be unlawful, it is 

 felony. The difference betwixt chance- 

 medley and manslaughter is this : if a 

 person cast a stone, which happens to hit 

 one, and he dies ; or if a workman, in 

 throwing down rubbish from a house, 

 after warning to take care, kill a person, 

 it is chance-medley, and misadventure : 

 but if a person throws stones on the 

 highway, where people usually pass: 

 or a workman throws down rubbish 

 from a house, in cities and towns where 

 people are continually passing ; or if a 

 man whips his horse in the street, to 

 make him gallop, and the horse runs 

 over a child and kills it, it is manslaugh- 

 ter ; but if another whips the horse, it is 

 manslaughter in him, and chance-medley 

 in the rider. In chance-medley the of- 

 fender forfeits his goods, but has a par- 

 don of course. 



CHANCELLOR, an officer supposed 

 originally to have been a notary or scribe 

 under the emperors, and named cancella- 

 riiis, because he sat behind a lattice, call- 

 ed in Latin canceling, to avoid being 

 crowded by the people. 



CHANCELLOH, Lord High, of Great Bri- 

 tain, or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, is 

 the highest honour of the long robe, be- 

 ing made so per traditionem magni sigilli. 

 per dominum regem, and by taking 1 the 

 oaths: he is the first person of the realm 

 next after the king and princes of the 

 blood in all civil affairs ; and is the chief 

 administrator of justice next the sove- 

 reign, being the judge of the court of 

 chancery. All other justices are tied to 

 the strict rules of law in their judgment; 

 but the chancellor is invested with the 

 king's absolute power to moderate the 

 written law, governing his judgment 

 purely by the law of nature and con- 

 science, and ordering all things according 

 to equity and justice. The Lord Chan- 

 cellor not only keeps the King's great 

 seal ; but also all patents, commissions, 

 warrants, &c. from the King, are, before 

 they are signed, perused by him ; he has 

 the disposition of all ecclesiastical bene- 

 fices in the gift of the crown under 20/. a 

 year in the king's books; and he is 

 speaker of the House of lords. To him 

 belongs the appointment of all justices 

 of the peace throughout the kingdom. 



