CHE 



HE 



branches, and are placed alternately ; the 

 calyx is large, erect, and slightly cut into 

 several acute parts at the top ; the pe.als 

 are large and heait-shaped. Of this sort 

 there are, the red, purple, wh.te, and 

 striped ; which are great ornaments in 

 the borders of the flower garden in au- 

 tumn. 



CHELTDONIUM, in botany, a genus 

 of the polyandria Monogynia class and 

 order. Natural order of Rhoeadese. Es- 

 sential character : corolla four-petalled ; 

 calyx two-leaved ; silique one-celled, li- 

 near. There arefhe species, of which 

 C majus, common or great celandine, is 

 from a foot to eighteen inches in height ; 

 cylindric, and a little hairy. The juice 

 of the whole plant is saffron-coloured. 

 It approaches to the class Tetradynamia 

 in the cruciform shape of the corolla, and 

 its silique, which, however, differs essen- 

 tially in being one-celled. It is common 

 in hedges, shady places, and uncultivated 

 grounds, flowering from May to July. 

 This species is naturalized in the United 

 States, and its yellow proper .juice is es- 

 teemed by the vulgar as efficacious in 

 curing warts. 



CHELONE, in botany, a genus of the 

 Didynamia Angiospermia class and or- 

 der. Natural order of Personatae. Big- 

 nonix, Jussieu. Essential character : ca- 

 lyx five-parted ; rudiment of a fifth fila- 

 ment between the upper stamens , cap- 

 sule two-celled. There are five species, 

 of which two, viz. C. g'labra, white che- 

 lone, and C. obliqua, or rose-coloured 

 snake head, grow naturally in most parts 

 of North America. These species are 

 about two feet high, with two leaves at 

 each joint, 'standing opposite, wrthout 

 foot stalks. The flowers grow in a close 

 spike at the end of the stalk, and have 

 but one petal, which is tubular, and nar- 

 row at the bottom, something like the 

 fox-glove flower. 



CHELSEA .hospital, a noble edifice, 

 which was built by Charles II. on his re- 

 storation, and afterwards improved by 

 his successor James II. Non-commis- 

 sioned officers and private men, who 

 have been wounded or maimed in the 

 service, are entitled to the benefit of this 

 hospital. There are in and out-pension- 

 ers belonging to the establishment, and 

 the provisions of it extend to the militia 

 under the following restrictions ; scr- 

 jeants who have served fifteen years, 

 and corporals or drummers who have 

 served twenty, may be recommended to 

 the bounty. Sergeants on the establish- 

 ment may likewise receive that allow- 

 ance, with their pay in the militia. Rut 



Serjeants, who have been appointed sub- 

 sequent 'o the passing of the 26th of. 

 George IFI. are not entitled to it under 

 twenty years' service. 



CHEMISTRY. AH the changes that 

 take place in bodies, whether by the 

 operation of powers not under the di- 

 rection of man, which are called natural 

 phenomena ; or of the same powers, mo- 

 dified in their direction by the exercise 

 of our voluntary exertions, which con- 

 stitute the processes of art, are effected 

 by motion. When the bodies from their 

 size and distance from each other can be 

 separately distinguished by our senses, 

 the effects are referred to the division of 

 philosophical science called mechanics : 

 but when the minuteness of the bodies 

 themselves, and of the spaces to which 

 the individual actions are confined, are 

 such that we cannot view and contem- 

 plate them separately, but are under the 

 necessity of inferring the nature and 

 causes of their motions from general re- 

 sults or phenomena, the changes are re- 

 ferrable to chemistry. 



Chemistry, therefore, as a science, 

 teaches us to estimate and account for the 

 changes produced in bodies by motions 

 of their parts, which are too minute to 

 affect the senses individually : as an art, 

 its practice consists in placing or apply- 

 ing bodies, with regard to each other, in 

 such situations as are adapted to produce 

 those changes. 



In our investigation of the results of 

 chemistry, we find ourselves, from the 

 regular connection of the facts, enabled 

 to fortel what will happen to certain bo- 

 dies in certain circumstances; and the 

 rules by which, from experience, we are 

 capable of doing so, are called laws of 

 nature, if they relate to bodies in gene- 

 ral ; but when they relate to particular 

 descriptions of bodies, we form our ex- 

 pressions so as to refer the effects to the 

 bodies themselves, under the name of 

 qualities or properties. The discovery 

 of these laws and properties must, in the 

 first instances, be effected from the ob- 

 servation of natural events, and after- 

 wards by instituting experiments for the 

 express purpose of manifesting them. In 

 these experiments we may either sepa- 

 rate compounded bodies into their sim- 

 pler parts, which is called analysis ; or we 

 may unite simple parts so as to form a 

 compound body, which is called syn- 

 thesis. And our reasonings concerning 

 these facts will have a correspondent de- 

 nomination. When we describe and ex- 

 plain the process of analysis, by which 

 general results are deduced by separat- 



