CLA 



CLA 



beams of the first orlop, or second deck, 

 and is the same that the rising timbers 

 are to the deck. 



CLAMP is likewise the term for a pile of 

 unburnt bricks built up for burning. 

 These clamps are built much after the 

 same manner as arches are built in kilns, 

 viz. with a vacuity betwixt each brick's 

 breadth for the fire to ascend by ; but 

 with this difference, that instead of arch- 

 ing, they truss over, or over-span ; that 

 is, the end of one brick is laid about half 

 way over the end of another, and so till 

 both sides meet within half a brick's 

 length, and then a binding brick at the 

 top finishes the arch. 



CLAMP nails, such nails as are used to 

 fasten on clamps in the building or re- 

 pairing of ships. 



CLAN, a term used in Scotland to de- 

 note a number of famine's of the same 

 name, under a feudal chief, who protect- 

 ed them, and, in return for that protec- 

 tion, commanded their services as his fol- 

 lowers, and led them to war, and on mili- 

 tary excursions. 



CLAP net, a device for catching larks. 

 You entice the birds with calls, and when 

 they are within your distance, you pull a 

 cord, and your net flies up and claps over 

 them. 



CLARIFICATION, is the separation, 

 by chemical means, of any liquid from 

 substances suspended in it,and rendering 

 it turbid. If a difference can be made be- 

 tween clarification and filtration, it is, 

 that the latter is effcted by mere me- 

 chanical means, but the former either by 

 heat or by certain additions, the action of 

 which may be considered as chiefly che- 

 mical. The liquors subjected to clarifi- 

 cation are almost without exception those 

 animal or vegetable juices, in which the 

 matter that renders them turbid is so 

 nearly of the same specific gravity with 

 the liquor itself, that mere rest will not 

 effect a separation. In these too the li- 

 quid is generally rendered thicker than 

 usual by holding in solution much muci- 

 lage, which further entangles the turbid 

 matter, and prevents it from sinking. 

 Hence it is that vinous fermentation has 

 so powerful an effect as a clarifier, since 

 this process always implies the destruc- 

 tion of a pertion of saccharine mucilage, 

 and the consequent production of a thin 

 limpid spirit. 



Coagulating substances are great clari- 

 fiers when mixed with any turbid liquor, 

 the process of coagulation entangling with 

 it all matters merely suspended and not 

 dissolved, and carrying them either to 

 the top in the form of a scum, or to the 



bottom in the form of a thick sediment, 

 according to circumstances. Thus, to 

 clarify muddy cider, the liquor is beaten 

 up with a small quantity of fresh bul- 

 lock's blood, and suffered to stand at rest 

 for some hours, after which the liquor 

 above is as clear as water, and almost as 

 colourless, and at the bottom is a thi^k 

 tough cake, consisting of the coagulated 

 blood which has carried down with it all 

 the opaque matter suspended in the li- 

 quor. Albuminous and gelatinous sub- 

 stances act in the same manner. The 

 effect of white of egg in this way is 

 known to every one. It should be first 

 mixed with the turbid liquor without 

 heat, and by agitation. Afterwards, on 

 applying less than a boiling heat, the al- 

 bumen of the egg coagulates, and carries 

 up with it all the opaque particles, leav- 

 ing the rest beautifully clear and limpid. 

 Sometimes clarification takes place in a 

 very unaccountable manner. Thus, it is 

 well known that a handful of marl or 

 clay will clarify a large cistern of muddy 

 water, and marl is also used with advan- 

 tage in clarifying vinous liquors. 



CLARINET, in music, a wind instru- 

 ment of the reed kind, the scale of 

 which, though it includes every semitone 

 within its extremes,is virtually defective. 

 Its lowest note is E, below F cliff, from 

 which it is capable, in the hands of good 

 solo performers, of ascending more than 

 three octaves. Its powers through this 

 compass are not every where equal ; 

 the player, therefore, has not a free 

 choice in his keys, being generally con- 

 fined to those of C and F, which are 

 the only keys in which the clarinet is 

 heard to advantage. The music for this 

 instrument is accordingly usually written, 

 in those keys. 



CLARIOX, a kind of trumpet, whose 

 tube is narrower, and its tone acuter 

 and shriller, than that of the common 

 trumpet. 



CLARO obscuro, or CLA in obscure, in 

 painting, the art of distributing to advan- 

 tage the lights and shadows of a piece, 

 both with regard to the easing of the eye, 

 and the effect of the whole piece. See 

 PAINTING. 



CLASS, an appellation given to the 

 most general subdivisions of any thing. 

 Thus, in the Linnxan system of natu- 

 ral history, the animal creation is divid- 

 ed into six classes, viz. MAMMALIA, 

 AVES, AMPHIBIA, PISCES, INSECTA, 

 VEB.MES. 



CLASS, in botany, denotes the primary 

 division of plants into large groups, each 

 of which is to be subdivided, by a regu- 



