COL 



COL 



generally been esteemed a genuine earth, 

 but has been discovered to contain a 

 great deal of vegetable matter, and, in- 

 deed, is a very singular substance. It is 

 dug in Germany and France : the quan- 

 tities consumed in painting in London are 

 brought from Cologne, where it is found 

 very plentifully ; but our own kingdom 

 is not without it, it being found near 

 Birmingham, and on the Mendip-hill, in 

 Somersetshire ; but what has been yet 

 found there is not so pure or fine as that 

 imported from Cologne. 



COLON, the second of the three large 

 intestines, called intestina crassa. See 

 ANATOMY. 



C-T.OX, in grammar, a point or charac- 

 ter marked thus (:), shewing the preced- 

 ing sentence to be perfect or entire ; 

 only that some remark, farther illustra- 

 tion, or other matter connected there- 

 with, is subjoined. See POINTING, PERIOD, 

 COMMA, &c. 



COLONEL, in military matters, the 

 commander in chief of a regiment, whe- 

 ther horse, foot, or dragoons. 



COLONEL, lieutenant, the second officer 

 in a regiment, who is at the head of the 

 captains, and commands in the absence 

 of the colonel. 



COLONNADE, a range of insulated 

 columns. See ARCHITECTURE. 



COLONY. A colony is a settlement 

 formed by the inhabitants of any nation, 

 in some part of the world unoccupied 

 by any other civilized nation. The mo- 

 tives for forming them have been vari- 

 ous. 



In colonies there is generally abund- 

 ance of good land; hence the necessaries 

 of life are usually to be had in plenty, 

 by any one who will take the trouble ne- 

 cessary to produce them; and, conse- 

 quently, population usually has a ten- 

 dency to increase with great rapidity. 

 The inhabitants of some parts of the 

 United States are said to have doubled 

 in fifteen years, at the time those coun- 

 tries were colonies of Great Britain. 



The policy of the mother countries 

 with regard to colonies has usually been 

 intended to make the colonists buy the 

 goods of the mother country as dear as 

 possible, and sell their own productions 

 as cheaply as possible. Hence the trade 

 of colonies usually has been confined, 

 by strict commercial laws, wholly to the 

 mother country. 



The consequence of these regulations 

 has probably been, that in the colonial 

 trade the merchants and manufacturers 

 have sold their goods dearer, and bought 



colonial produce cheaper, than they other- 

 wise might have done, though even this 

 may be doubted ; but most certainly the 

 inhabitants of the colony have bo'ight 

 dearer, and sold cheaper, than tliey other- 

 wise would. The prosperity of the colo- 

 ny therefore has been impeded ; their 

 progress towards opulence has been less 

 rapid than it wouldhave been under other 

 circumstances; and' the mother country 

 has always had a poorer and smaller mar- 

 ket for her commodities than she other- 

 wise would have had. The profits per 

 cent, have been perhaps greater, but 

 the whole amount of profit derived from, 

 the colony trade has most certainly been 

 less. 



COLORIFIC earths, in mineralogy, a 

 class or tribe of earths, in the arrangement 

 ofKirwan, described by him as strongly 

 staining the fingers. Of these he enume- 

 rates four families, viz. red, yellow, black, 

 and green ; the red is the reddle, of dark 

 cochineal red colour, or intermediate be- 

 tween brick and blood red, having neither 

 lustre nor transparency ; fracture, earthy, 

 sometimes conchoid* 1 !; fragments, 1: hard- 

 ness, 4 ; sp. gr. inconsiderable ; adhering 

 pretty strongly to the tongue -. feeling 

 rough ; assuming a polish from the nail ; 

 strongly stainingthe fingers; falling imme- 

 diately into powder in water, and not be- 

 comingductile ; not effervescing, nor easi- 

 ly dissolving in acids. When heated to 

 redness, crackling and growing black ; at 

 159 the specimen melted into a dark gree- 

 nish yellow frothy enamel. It differs from 

 red ochres only by containing more argil. 

 The red colour proceeds from oxvgena- 

 tion, and the ab ? ence of acid. The more 

 air of water is expelled by heat, the brown- 

 er it grows. The yellow is of an ochre 

 yellow colour ; as to lustre, externally 

 it often has some gloss, but internally 

 none ; it is not transparent ; fracture 

 earthy, often inclining to the conchoidal ; 

 no specific gravity ; fragments, inconsi- 

 derable ; adheres strongly to the tongue ; 

 feels smooth, or somewhat greasy ; takes 

 a high polish from the nail ; strongly stains 

 the fingers ; in water it immediately falls 

 to pieces with some hissing; and after- 

 wards to powder, without diffusing itself 

 through it ; does not effervesce with acids, 

 nor is easily soluble in them; heated to 

 redness it crackles, hardens, and acquires 

 a red colour, and gives a reddish streak. 

 At 156, Mr. Kirwan melted a specimen 

 into a liver-brown porous porcelain mass. 

 This yellow earth differs from ochres on- 

 ly in containing a greater proportion of 

 argil ; the yellow colour proceeds from 

 the calx of iron, highly oxygenated, and 



