COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 



1. Equus, horse and ass. 



VIII. Pecora or Bisulca (ruminantia of 

 Cuvier,) a divided hoof. No incisores in 

 the upper jaw, where their place is sup- 

 plied by a callous prominence ; stomach 

 consisting of four cavities ; rumination of 

 the food ; long intestines. Their fat be- 

 comes hard and brittle when cold. The 

 mammae are placed between the posterior 

 extremities. The penis of the male has 

 no bone. 



1. Camelus, camel, dromedary, lama. 



2. Capra, sheep, goat. 



3. Antilope, antelope, chamois.. 



4. Bos, ox, buffalo. 



5. Giraffa, giraffe or camelopard. 



6. Cervus, elk, deer-kind. 



7. Moschus, musk. 



IX. JBelhtte, animals of an unshapely 

 form, and a tough and thick hide ; whence 

 they have been called, by Cuvier, pachy- 

 dermata (from 7r<tx,v$ thick, and JVf JU.M 

 skin.) They have more than two toes: 

 incisores in both jaws, and in some cases 

 enormous tusks ; mammae extend under 

 the belly, where they are numerous. 



1. Sus, pig kind, pecari, babiroussa. 



2. Tapir. 



3. Elephas. 



4. Rhinoceros. 



5. Hippopotamus. 



6. Trichecus, morse or walrus, ma- 



nati or sea-cow. 



The last genus of this order, together 

 with the foca (seals) constitutes the 

 Amphibia of Cuvier. These animals have 

 short members adapted for swimming. 



X. Cetacea,whales, living entirely in the 

 sea, and formed like fishes ; breathe by an 

 opening at the top of the head, called the 

 blowing hole; through which they throw 

 out the water, which enters their mouth 

 with the food ; smooth skin covering a 

 thick layer of oily fat ; no external ear ; 

 a complicated stomach ; multilobular kid- 

 neys ; larynx of a pyramidal shape, open- 

 ing towards the blowing hole ; testes with- 

 in the abdomen ; mammae at the sides of 

 the vulva ; bones of the anterior extremity 

 concealed and united by the skin, so as to 

 form a kind of fin ; no posterior extremi- 

 ties ; teeth which retain their prey, but do 

 not masticate, and instead of which there 

 are sometimes layers of a horny substance 

 Called whalebone. 



1. Monodon, narwhal, sea-unicorn. 



2. Balaena, proper whale. 



3. Physeter. 



4. Delphinus, dolphin, porpoise. 



Cuvier distributes the class mammalia 

 into three grand divisions : 



1. Those which have claws or nails 



(mammife'res a ongles :) includ- 

 ing the following orders : bima- 

 na, quadrumana, cheiroptera, 

 plantigrada, carnivora, pedima- 

 na, rodentia, edentata, tardi- 

 grada. 



2. Those which have hoofs (mam- 



mif. a ongles) including the pa- 

 chydermata, ruminantia, and so 

 lipeda. 



3. Those which have extremities 



adapted for swimming (mammif. 

 a pieds en nageoire.) Amphibia 

 and cetacea. 



Birds are oviparous ; have a single ovary 

 and oviduct ; a single occipital condyle ; 

 very numerous cervical vertebrae ; a very 

 large sternum ; and anterior extremities 

 adapted for flying, the posterior only being 

 used for walking. 



They have three eyelids ; no external 

 ear ; a bone in the tongue ; a cochlea coni- 

 cal, but not spiral ; a single ossiculum au- 

 ditus ; body covered with feathers. The 

 lungs are attached to the surface of the 

 chest, and penetrated by the air, which 

 goes all over the body ; no diaphragm ; 

 there is a larynx at each end of the tra- 

 chea ; no epiglottis ; the jaws are covered 

 with a horny substance, and are both 

 moveable ; there are no lips, gums, nor 

 teeth ; the chyle is transparent ; no me- 

 senteric glands, nor omentum ; no blad- 

 der of urine, the ureters terminating in a 

 bag, through which the eggs and faeces 

 come, viz. the cloaca ; the pancreas and 

 liver have both several ducts entering the 

 intestine ; spleen in the centre of the me- 

 sentery. 



This class cannot be distributed into or- 

 ders so clearly distinguished by anatomi- 

 cal characters as the preceding one. Blu- 

 menbach divides them into two leading 

 divisions. 



(A) TERRESTRIAL BIRDS. 



Order I. Accipitres. Birds of prey, with 

 strong hooked bills, and large curved ta- 



