COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 



other day, and took more in the interme- 

 diate time. Mr. Bruce states, in his travels, 

 that he procured four gallons from one 

 which he slaughtered in Upper Egypt. 

 "Shaw's Abridgment of Bruce's Travels." 

 Ed. 3. p. 371. 



As all the food which the animal takes 

 passes into the first stomach, the water 

 of the cells in that part becomes turbid ; 

 but it remains perfectly pure in the se- 

 cond, where it resides in the greatest 

 quantity ; which circumstance accounts 

 for travellers being able to drink it on an 

 emergency. The muscular bands, which 

 form the groove described in the ac- 

 count of the ruminating stomach, are par- 

 ticularly strong ; and by drawing the 

 third stomach to the oesophagus, convey 

 the ruminated food through the second, 

 without polluting the water in its cells. 

 Hence the food that has been macerated 

 in the paunch must be sent back to the 

 mouth directly from that cavity, without 

 passing into the second stomach, as it 

 does in the cow. See '* Observations on 

 the camel's stomach respecting the water 

 which it contains," &c. by E. Home, esq. 

 Philos. Trans 1806. 



The structure of these parts in the 

 lama, according to the account which 

 Cuvier has given of them, from the 

 examination of a fetus, does not seem 

 to differ essentially from that of the 

 camel. 



There is a peculiar glandular body 

 at the upper orifice of the beaver's 

 stomach, about the size of a florin, full 

 of cavities that secrete mucus. It re- 

 sembles, on the whole, the bulbus glan- 

 dulosus of birds, and assists in the 

 digestion and animalization of the dry 

 food which this curious animal takes, con- 

 sisting chiefly of the bark and chips of 

 trees, &c. 



According to Cuvier, there is a gland 

 as large as the head of a man, situated be- 

 tsveen the coats of the stomach in the 

 manati (trichechus manatus borealis). 

 It is placed near the oesophagus, and dis- 

 charges, on pressure, a fluid like that 

 of the pancreas, by numerous small open- 

 ings. 



Mr. Home is of opinion that the glandu- 

 lar structure exists in the stomach of the 

 sea-otter near the pytorus. Philos. Trans. 

 1796. pi. 2. And Mr. Macartney has dis- 

 covered an arrangement of glandular bo- 

 dies in the dormouse, round the oesopha- 

 gus, just before its termination, similar in 

 situation and appearance to the gastric 

 glands of birds. 



The stomach of the pangolin (manis 

 pentadactyla) is almost as thick and mus- 



cular as that of the gallinaceous fowls, 

 and contains, like that of granivorous 

 birds, small stones and gravel, which are 

 probably swallowed for the same purpose 

 as in those birds. 



(ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH OF BIRDS. 



The oesophagus is of immense size in 

 many carnivorous birds ; considerably 

 larger indeed than the intestinal canal. 

 The capaciousness of this tube enables it 

 to hold for a time the entire fish and large 

 bones which these birds swallow, and 

 which cannot be contained in the sto- 

 mach ; and to facilitate the discharge, by 

 vomiting the indigestible remains of the 

 food, which form balls of hair, feathers, 

 and bony matter. 



The oesophagus expands just before 

 the sternum into the crop, (inglXivies, 

 prolobus, le jabot,) which is furnished 

 with numerous mucous or salivary glands, 

 disposed in many cases in regular rows. 

 In such birds as nourish their young from 

 the crop the glands swell remarkably at 

 that time, and secrete a greater quantity 

 of fluid. This part is found in land- 

 birds only, but not in all of these ; it ex- 

 ists in all the gullinx, and in some birds of 

 prey. 



There is another glandular and secre- 

 tory organ, much more common than the 

 crop, belonging, indeed, most probably 

 to the whole class. This is the bulbus 

 glandulosus, (echinus, infundibulum, pro- 

 ventriculus, corpus tubulosum,) which is 

 situated before the entrance of the oeso- 

 phagus into the proper stomach, and 

 whose form and structure vary consider- 

 ably in the different genera and species. 

 In the ostrich, for example, its magni- 

 tude and form give it the appearance 

 a second stomach. In some other birds, 

 as the psittaci, ardeae, (crane, stork, &c.) 

 its appearance is different from that of 

 the proper stomach, but its size is larger : 

 while, on the contrary, in gallinaceous 

 fowls it is much smaller. 



This bulbus glandulosus consists of ;* 

 vast congeries of glands. The oesopha- 

 gus, of which it is a dilatation, has a 

 vast number of glandular bodies inter- 

 posed between its tunics, and entirely 

 surrounding the tube, so as to constitute 

 the " Zone of gastric glands" of Mr. Ma- 

 cartney. These bodies have a hollow 

 internally, and they open into the ca- 

 vity of the bulbus by numerous very plain 

 apertures. The fluid secreted by them 

 passes into the gizzard, and mixes with 

 the food. 



