CRA 



GRA 



Hardie. We consider it a contrivance of 

 great utility, and likely to prove extreme- 

 ly useful. 



Fig. 4, is an elevatipn of a crane at 

 Queenhithe wharf, London. A 13 is a 

 very strong upright beam, firmly bolted 

 to beams running inland, and further se- 

 cured by curved stays D : a d e is a cast- 

 iron frame, bolted to the beam at one 

 end and the stays D at the other. This 

 forms the frame for the wheelwork, which 

 is the same as fig. 1 ; the chain, after 

 going round the roll, goes over a large 

 wheel ,/J and passes through the beam to 

 the jib. E is a cast-iron frame, bolted to 

 the top of the beam A B, to receive the 

 upper pivot of the jib ; g is one Of the 

 small pulleys, round which the chain 

 bends when the jib is turned overland 

 to raise or lower goods. F is another 

 cast-iron frame, to support the lower pi- 

 vot of the jib, and G is a pile bolted to it, 

 to assist. A few boards nailed over the 

 two stays D forms a cover for the whole 

 machinery, and defends the wheel-work. 

 The jib and its iron -work will be under- 

 stood by inspection of the figure. All 

 cranes where chains are used for hoisting 

 the goods should have barrels, with a 

 spiral groove cut in them, and the lower 

 half of the chain lay in the groove, as 

 in fig. 5. This was applied, in 1789, by 

 Mr. John Smeaton, to a crane designed 

 by him, and executed in the Wool-quay, 

 Custom-house, and found to be of great 

 advantage. In 1805, Mr. Gilbert Gilpin 

 received the silver medal of the Society 

 of Arts for the same invention, without 

 perhaps knowing it had been used before. 

 The pulleys should also be grooved, to 

 receive the lower half of the links of the 

 chain in the same manner. 



CRANICHIS, in botany, a genus of 

 the Gynandria Diandria class and order. 

 Natural order of Orchidese. Essential 

 character : nectary guleated. There are 

 five species, all natives of Jamaica. 



CRANIOLARIA, in botany, a genus of 

 the Didynamia Angiospermia class and 

 order. Natural order of Personatae. Big- 

 nonise, Jussieu. Essential character : ca- 

 lyx double of the flower; perianth four- 

 leaved ; spathe one-leaved ; corolla tube 

 very long ; capsule of martynia. There 

 is but one species, viz. C. annua, found in 

 the neighbourhood of Carthagena in New 

 Spain. 



CRANIUM. See AXATOMY. 



CRANK, a contrivance in machines, in 

 manner of an elbow, only of a square 

 from, projecting from a spindle, and serv- 



ing, by its rotation, to raise and fall the 

 pistons of engines. 



CHAXK likewise denotes the iron sup- 

 port for a lantern, or the like ; also the 

 iron made fast to a stock of a bell for 

 ringing it. 



In the sea language, a ship is said to be 

 crank-sided when she can bear but small 

 sail, for fear of oversetting ; and when a 

 ship cannot be brought on the ground 

 without danger, she is said to be crank 

 by the ground. 



CRANZIA, in botany, a genus of the 

 Pentandria Monogynia class and order. 

 Essential character: calyx five-parted; 

 petals five ; nectary none ; berried cap- 

 sule. There is but one species, vis. C. 

 aculeata, a prickly shrub; leaves ter- 

 nate, with pellucid dots; fruit dotted 

 like the orange. A native of the East 

 Indies. 



CRAPE, in commerce, a kind of stuff' 

 made in the manner of gauze, with raw 

 silk gummed and twisted on the mill. 



CRASPEDIA, in botany, a genus 'of 

 the Syngenesia Polygamia Segregata. 

 Essential character : calycle none ; calyx 

 imbricate ; florets in depressed bundles, 

 all hermaphrodite, tubular; down fea- 

 thered ; receptacle chaffy. One species, 

 viz. C. uniflora, a native of New Zea- 

 land. 



CRASSULA, in botany, a genus of 

 the Pentandria Pentagynia class and or- 

 der. Natural order of Succulents. Sem- 

 pervivze, Jussieu. Essential character: 

 calyx one leafed, fives-cleft ; petals five ; 

 nectareous scales five at the base of the 

 germ ; eapsule five, many seeded. There 

 are sixty -four species. 



CRATJEGUS, in botany, a genus of 

 the Icosandria Digynia class and order. 

 Natural order of Pomaces . Rosace ae, 

 Jussieu. Essential character : calyx five- 

 cleft; petals five ; berry inferior, two- 

 seeded. There are twenty -three species. 

 This genus consists chiefly of shrubs or 

 trees, hardy, and deciduous; leaves sim- 

 ple, undivided, or lobed; peduncles in 

 most species many flowered ; corymbed 

 terminating, and solitary from the axils ; 

 corollas white, appearing in May and 

 June, and succeeded by red berries in 

 autumn. 



CRATER, in astronomy, a constellation 

 of the southern hemisphere. See ASTRO- 

 NOMY. 



CRATEVA, in botany, a genus of the 

 Dodecandria Monogynia class and order. 

 Natural order of Putamineae. Cappari- 

 des, Jussieu. Essential character: ca- 



