CYD 



C\L 



cellar, &c. as where the fermentation is 

 tardy and imperfect. Cyder left to work 

 upon coarse foul lees will ferment with 

 great vigour, but is apt to expand itself, 

 and to leave either an insipid subacid li- 

 quor, or to burst the casks, if closed too 

 soon. Spirits are the best preventative 

 to both : on the continent, and in Ame- 

 rica, we understand that those few who 

 make good cyder (which is extremely 

 scarce in those parts, though apples of 

 the finest qualities abound) invariably 

 doctor the stum when the fermentation is 

 either defective or excessive : having 

 abundance of spirits, they can easily pre- 

 vent that mischief, which in this country 

 could not be obviated at any moderate 

 expense. When cyder fails, and becomes 

 acid, the acetous change should be en- 

 couraged : it makes excellent vinegar, 

 worth at least two shillings and six-pence 

 the gallon; whereas in cyder countries 

 the same quantity used as beverage would 

 not produce more than two shillings ; 

 from which deduct the duty, which is 

 about five-pence per gallon. When cy- 

 der has been well made, and is put into 

 capacious vessels, it will keep sound for 

 many years ; becoming rich and mellow : 

 in small quantities it is more apt to be- 

 come flat. When bottled for many years, 

 it is common to find it taste very strongly 

 of the cork; and if the straw in which it 

 is packed be not thoroughly dry, the li- 

 quor will acquire a very unpleasant mus- 

 ty flavour. All preparations used for 

 fining cyder are highly injurious to its 

 quality ; racking from the lees into fresh 

 vessels, after the fermentation has mode- 

 rated, is the only proper mode of remov- 

 ing the impurities. 



We are concerned to state, that those 

 kinds of apples which were so long famous 

 for yielding a fine stum are much on the 

 decline ; and that no means have hitherto 

 been discovered of preventing the un- 

 timely decay of the trees. It is to be hop- 

 ed, that we shall either receive some 

 fresh grafts from the continent, or that 

 some ingenious person will devise the 

 means of preserving what we have from 

 the canker, which destroys our best or- 

 chards after a few years growth. 



Explanation of Plate IV. Miscel. fig. 3. 

 A. shews the vertical section of the stone 

 roller, with its axis C C. The suggested 

 improvement consists in rounding its edg- 

 es, and in suiting 1 the bottom of the 

 trough B, B, B to that shape. 



Fig. 4, shews the side of the wheel, 

 half way buried in the trough, of which 

 I, is tlie upper line, and K K the bottom. 



The arm E moves freely on the axis F, 

 and is fastened at C, by a hinge, to the 

 board H H ; which is kept in its place on 

 the surface of the trough, by the pins II; ' 

 of which there are two on each side. 

 Thus the wheel (or stone) D revolves, 

 at whatever height the board will main- 

 tain its position. If too light, it may be 

 loaded. 



Fig. 5, shews the two cylinders, with 

 their manner of locking into each other; 

 one crank turning both ; the teeth o, o, 

 fitting into the mortices p, p. The wheels 

 M and N, having by this means contrary 

 motions, catch the apples between their 

 approaching surfaces, and by aid of the 

 teeth crush them into small pieces ; 

 which are reduced to a perfect pulp as 

 they pass between the rollers into the 

 vessel below. X is the handle of the 

 winch. 



This machine, fig. 5, is in common use 

 in the west of England, and is found to 

 answer well. 



CYGNUS, in astronomy, a constellation 

 of the northern hemisphere. See ASTRO- 

 NOMY. 



CYLINDER, in geometry, a solid body, 

 supposed to be generated by the rotation 

 of a parallelogram. If the generating 

 parallelogram be rectangular, the cylin- 

 der it produces will be a right cylinder, 

 that is, it will have its axis perpendicular 

 to its base. If the parallelogram be a 

 rhombus, or rhomboides, the cylinder 

 will be oblique or scalenous. > 



CYLINDER, properties of the. 1. The sec- 

 tion of every cylinder by a plane oblique 

 to its base is an ellipsis. 2. The superficies 

 of a right cylinder is equal to the periphe- 

 ry of the base multiplied into the length 

 of its side. 3. The solidity of a cylinder is 

 equal to the area of its base multiplied 

 into its altitude. 4. Cylinders of the same 

 base, and standing between the same pa- 

 rallels, are equal. 5. Every cylinder is to 

 a spheroid inscribed in it, as 3 to 2. 6. 

 If the altitudes of two right cylinders be 

 equal to the diameters of their bases, 

 those cylinders are to one another as Jthe 

 cubes of the diameters of their bases. 



To find a circle equal to the surface of 

 a cylinder, we have this theorem : the 

 surface of a cylinder is equal to a circle, 

 whose radius is a mean proportional be- 

 tween the diameter and height of the 

 cylinder. The diameter of a sphere and 

 altitude of a cylinder equal thereto be- 

 ing given, to find the diameter of the cy- 

 linder, the theorem is, the square of the 

 diameter of the sphere is to the square of 

 the diameter of the cylinder equal to il j , 



