DYEING. 



above ley of soda is to be added to the 

 bath, and the cotton to be put into it 

 again, and boiled from ten to fifteen mi- 

 nutes : lastly, it is to be taken out, left to 

 drain, wrung, washed in a stream of wa- 

 ter, and wrung on the pin a second time. 



Two days afterwards the cotton re- 

 ceives a second maddering, in the pro- 

 portion of eight ounces of madder to the 

 pound of cotton, and is worked as in the 

 first maddering, except that no ley is 

 added, and that well water is used for 

 the bath : after this the cotton is left to 

 cool, washed, wrung, and dried. M. d'Ap- 

 ligny recommends, instead of receiving 

 two madder baths, that the cotton be 

 alumed twice, and then dyed in a single 

 bath only. This red is made more lively 

 by soaking the cotton, pound by pound, 

 in a bath of warm water, into which 

 about a pint of the ley is poured ; it is 

 then wrung and dried ; then washed in 

 a stream of water, and spread on the 

 grass, where the red brightens more 

 than by any other operation. 



The Turkey red possesses a degree 

 of brightness much superior to the com- 

 mon madder red, and more powerfully 

 resists the action of alkalies, alum, soap, 

 and acids. The processes used in Tur- 

 key for this red are very complicated 

 and tedious, some taking a month to 

 perfect ; the best of them are detailed 

 in Berthollet's treatise on the "Elements 

 of Dyeing." Their efficacy depends 

 chiefly on the impregnation of the cotton 

 with animal matter, which is mostly done 

 by fish-oil and sheeps* dung. 



One of the best processes for the 

 Adrianople red, practised in our part of 

 the world, is that at Glasgow, introduced 

 by M. Papillon, at the expense and at 

 the instance of the commissioners for 

 manufactures in Scotland, and which is as 

 follows: A ley is prepared for 100/3. 

 of cotton, from 100/6. of Alicant barilla, 

 20ft. of pearl-ashes, and 100/6. of quick- 

 lime, strong enough to bear an egg. A 

 weaker sort is also prepared, of the 

 strength marked by two degrees of the 

 French hydrometer, the first kind being 

 of six degrees. (A saturated solution of 

 common salt marks 60, and soft water 

 0, on this instrument.) The pearl-ashes 

 are dissolved in ten pails of soft-water, 

 of four gallons each, and the lime in four- 

 teen pails ; the liquors are let to stand 

 till quite clear, and then ten pails of 

 each are mixed together. In this the 

 cotton is boiled five hours, washed in 

 running-water, and dried ; it is then sub- 

 mitted to what is called the grey bath. 



For the grey bath, in twenty pails of 

 the strong ley are mixed two pails of 

 sheep's dung, two quarts of oil of vitriol, 

 and one pound of gum arable and one 

 pound of sal ammoniac, previously dis- 

 solved in a proper quantity of the weak 

 ley; and, lastly, twenty-five pounds of 

 olive oil well mixed with two pails of the 

 weak ley. The whole being well mixed) 

 the cotton is trodden down in it till it is 

 well soaked, left thus for twenty-four 

 hours, and then wrung hard and dried. 

 This operation is repeated a second and 

 a third lime, after which the cotton is 

 well washed and dried. 



The white bath, in which the cotton is 

 next placed, is managed in every parti- 

 cular as the preceding, except that the 

 sheeps* dung is omitted in it. 



The gall bath, in which it is then put, 

 is prepared by boiling twenty -five pounds 

 of bruised galls in ten pails of river-wa- 

 ter until four or five are boiled away; 

 the liquor is strained into a tub, and cold 

 water is poured on the galls in the 

 strainer. In this liquor, made milk 

 warm, the cotton is to be dipped, hank 

 by hank, and left to steep in it twenty, 

 four hours. It is then wrung carefully 

 and equally, and dried well without 

 washing. 



For the first alum bath, twenty-five 

 pounds of Roman alum are dissolved in 

 fourteen pails of warm water, without 

 making it boil : the liquor is well skim- 

 med, two pails of the strong ley are add- 

 ed, and the whole is let to cool till it is 

 luke-warm. In this bath the cotton is dip- 

 ped, handled hank by hank, left to steep 

 twenty-four hours, then wrung equally, 

 and dried well without washing. 



The second alum bath, to which it is 

 next submitted, is managed exactly like 

 the above : but after the cotton is dry, it 

 is steeped six hours in the river, and then 

 washed and dried. 



Into the dyeing bath it is next put, by 

 ten pounds at a time ; which is prepared 

 by mixing two and a half gallons of ox 

 blood with twenty-eight pails of milk- 

 warm water, adding twenty-five pounds 

 of madder, and stirring all well together,. 



The ten pounds of cotton, previously 

 put on sticks, is dipped into this liquor, 

 and turned constantly for one hour, du- 

 ring which the heat is gradually increased, 

 till the liquor begins to boil at the end 

 of the hour. The cotton is then sunk in 

 it, boiled gently one hour longer, and 

 then washed and dried. 



For the next ten pounds of cotton, so 

 much of the boiling liquor is taken out, 



