EX1 



EXO 



letter, under which come all other sensi- 

 ble q .ah'ties, as colours, sounds, tastes, 

 &.c t:ity allow the ideas we have of them 

 are noi resemblances of any thing with- 

 out the mind, or unperceived, but de- 

 pend on the size, texture, motion, &c. of 

 the minute particles of matter. Now it 

 is certain that those primary qualities are 

 inseparably united with the other secon- 

 dary ones, and cannot even in thought 

 be .-IDS. racted from them, and therefore 

 must only exist in the mind. Again, 

 great or small, swift or slow, are allowed 

 to exit no where without the mind, he- 

 ing merely relative, and changing as the 

 frame or position of the organ changes : 

 the extension, therefore, that exists 

 without the mind is neither great nor 

 small, the motion neither swift nor slow, 

 i. e. they are nothing. That number is a 

 creature of the mind is plain, (even 

 though the other qualities were allowed 

 to exivt) from this, that the same thing 

 bears a different denomination of number, 

 as the mind views it with different re- 

 spects : thus, the same extension is 1, 5, 

 or 36, as the mind considers it, with re- 

 ferencf. to a yard, a foot, or an inch. 



"In effect^ after the same manner as 

 the modern philosophers prove colours, 

 taste, &c. to have no existence in matter, 

 or without the mind, the same thing may 

 be proved of all sensible qualities what- 

 ever : thus they say, heat and cold are 

 only the affections of the mind, not at all 

 patterns of real beings existing in corpo- 

 real substances, for that the same body 

 which seems cold to ne hand seems 

 warm to another. Now, why may we 

 not as well argue, that figure and exten- 

 sion are not patterns or resemblances of 

 qualities existing in matter, because, to 

 the same eye, at different stations, or to 

 eyes of different structure, at the same 

 station, they appear various ? Again, 

 sweetness, it is proved, does not exist in 

 the thing sapid, because the thing re- 

 maining unaltered, the sweetness is 

 changed to bitterness, as in a fever, or by 

 any otherwise vitiated palate. Is it not 

 as reasonable to say, that motion does not 

 exist out of the mind, since, if the succes- 

 sion of ideas in the mind become sinister, 

 the motion, it is acknowledged, will ap- 

 pear slower, without any external altera- 

 tion ? Again, were it possible, for solid 

 figured bodies to exist out of the mind, 

 yet it were impossible for us ever to 

 know it: our senses, indeed, givr> us sen- 

 sations of ideas, but do not tell us that 

 any thing exists without the mind, or un- 

 perceived, like those which are per- 



ceived ; this the materialists allovtr. N 

 other way therefore remains, but that we 

 know them by reasons inferring their 

 existence from what is immediately per- 

 ceived by sense ; but how should reason 

 do this, when it is confessed there is not 

 any necessary connection between our 

 sensations and these bodies ? It is evi- 

 dent, from the phenomena of dreams, 

 phrensies, &c. that we may be affected 

 with the ideas we now have, though 

 there were no bodies existing without 

 them ; nor does the supposition of ex- 

 ternal bodies at all forward us in conceiv- 

 ing how our ideas should come to be 

 produced." 



EXOACANTHA, in botany, a genus 

 of the T'entandria Digynia class and order. 

 Natural order of Umbellatae. Essential 

 character: involute spiny; involucle 

 halved, with unequal rays ; flowers all 

 hermaphrodite, with equal, inflex, heart- 

 shaped petals; seeds ovate, striate. There 

 is but one species, viz. E. heterophylla, 

 found by B'llardiere near Nazare'h. 



EXOCCETUS, the flying fish, in natural 

 history, a genus of fishes of the order 

 Abdominales. Generic character: head 

 scaly ; mouth without teeth ; jaws con- 

 nected on each side ; gill membrane 

 ten-rayed ; pectoral fins very long and 

 large, and giving, to a certain degree, the 

 power of flight. There are five species, 

 We shall particularly notice the E exi- 

 lien, or the Mediterranean flying fish. 

 This is about fourteen inches in length, 

 and is found principally in the Mediter- 

 ranean and Atlantic Seas, frequently 

 alone, and sometimes in small companies. 

 By the extraordinary length of its pecto- 

 ral fins it is enabled to quit the water 

 and support a flight, about three feet 

 above the surface, for the distance of 

 eighty or a hundred yards, after which it 

 is obliged to return to the water and 

 moisten its fins, which, even in this short 

 progress, become hard und dry. These 

 fishes are persecuted by the dorado un- 

 der the water, and by the gull, or alba- 

 tross, above the surface of it, and thus of- 

 ten escape destruction by the one, only 

 to incur it from the other. This faculty 

 of maintaining short flights in the air is 

 possessed by several other fishes, parti- 

 cularly by the scorpxna and the trigla. 

 The air-bladder of the flying fish is ex- 

 tremely large, and, of consequence, 

 highly assisting to its aerial progress. 

 The roe of this fish is reported to be 

 highly caustic ; the smallest quantity ap- 

 plied to the tongue producing some de- 

 gree of excoriation. For a represent* 



