ing- 

 rait 

 port 



! 





FOU 



leak in the bottom of a ship, while she is 

 afloat, either at sea or at anchor, which is 

 performed by fastening a sail at the four 

 corners, letting it down under the ship's 

 bottom, and then putting a quantity of 

 chopped rope-yarns, oakum, wool, &,c. 

 between it and the ship's siue ; by repeat- 

 ing the iatter part of tins operation seve- 

 .1 times, the leak generally sucks in a 

 ion of the loose stuff, and thereby be- 

 comes in part, or altogether, stopped. 



FOUL, or FOULE, in the sea language, 

 is used when a ship has been long un- 

 trimmed, so that the grass, weeds, or bar- 

 nacles, grow to her sides under water. A 

 rope is also foul, when it is either tangied 

 in itself or hindered by another, so tnat 

 it cannot run or be overhauled. 



FOUL, imports also the running of one 

 hip against another. This happens some- 

 imes by the violence of the wind, and 

 sometimes by the carelessness of the peo- 

 ple on board, to ships in the same convoy, 

 and to shij.s in port by means of otiiers 

 coming in. The damages occasioned by 

 running foul are of the nature of those 

 in which both parties must bear a part. 

 They are usually made half to fall upon 

 e sufferer, and half upon the vessel 

 hichdid the injury : but in cases where 

 is evidently the fault of the master of 

 e vessel, he alone is to bear the da- 

 age. 



FOCJL water. A ship is said to make 

 foul water, when, being under sail, she 

 comes into such shoal water, that though 

 her keel does not touch the ground, yet 

 it comes so near it, that the motion of the 

 water under her raises the mud from the 

 bottom. 



FOUNDATION, in architecture, is 

 that part of a building which is under 

 ground. See ARCHITECTURE and BUILDING. 

 FOUNDATION, denotes also a donation or 

 legacy, either in money or lands, for the 

 maintenance and support of some com- 

 munity, hospital, school, lecture, &c. 



FOUNDER, in a general sense, the 

 person who lays a foundation, or endows 

 a church, school, religious house, or other 

 charitable institution. The founder of a 

 church may preserve to himself the right 

 of patronage, or presentation to the liv- 

 ing. 



FOUNDER, also implies an artist, who 

 casts metals in various forms for different 

 uses, as guns, bells, statues, printing cha- 

 racters, candlesticks, buckles, &c. whence 

 they are denominated gun-founders, bell- 

 founders, figure-founders, letter-foun- 

 ders, founders of small works, &c. See 

 FOUNDERY. 

 FOUNDER, in the sea language. A ship 



FOU 



is said to founder, when, by an extraordi- 

 nary leak, or by a great sea breaking in 

 upon her, she is so filled with water that 

 she cannot be freed of it ; so that she can 

 neither veer nor steer, but lie like a log ; 

 and, not being able to swim along, will at 

 last sink. 



FOUNDERY, or FOUNDRY, the art of 

 casting all sort of metals into different 

 forms. It likewise signifies the work- 

 house, or smelting hut, wherein these 

 operations are performed. See IRON 

 FOUNUERY. 



FOUNDERY of small -works, or casting- in 

 sand. The sand used for casting small 

 works is, at first, of a pretty soft, yellow- 

 ish, and clammy nature : but it being ne- 

 cessary to strew charcoal dust in the 

 mould* it at length becomes of a quite 

 black colour. This sand is worked over 

 and over, on a board, with a roller and a 

 sort of knife, being placed over a trough 

 to receive it, after it is by these means 

 sufficiently prepared. 



This done, they take a wooden board, 

 of a length and breadth proportional to 

 the things to be cast, and putting a ledge 

 round it, they fill it with sand, a little 

 moistened, to make it duly cohere. Then 

 they take either wood or metal models of 

 what they intend to cast, and apply them 

 so to the mould, and press them into the 

 sand, as to leave their impression there. 

 Along the middle of the mould is laid half 

 a small brass cylinder, as the chief canal 

 for the metal to run through, when melt- 

 ed, into the models or patterns; and from 

 this chief canal are placed several others, 

 which extend to each model or pattern 

 placed in the frame. After this frame is 

 finished they take out the patterns, by 

 first loosening them all round, that the 

 sand may not give way. 



Then they proceed to work the other 

 part of the mould with the same patterns 

 in just such another frame, only that it 

 has pins, which, entering into holes that 

 correspond to it in the other, make the 

 two cavities of the pattern fall exactly on 

 each other. 



The frame thus moulded is carried to 

 the melter, who, after extending the chief 

 canal of the counterpart, and adding the 

 cross canals to the several models in both, 

 and strewing mill dust over them, dries 

 them in a kind of oven for that purpose. 



Both parts of the mould being dry, 

 they are joined together by means ot the 

 pins ; and to prevent their giving way, by 

 reason of the melted metal passing 

 through the chief cylindrical canal, they 

 are sere wed or wedged up like a kind f 

 a press. 



