FRE 



FRE 



merchant pays the expenses of loading 1 

 and unloading ; but if the embargo be 

 only for a short limited time, the voyage 

 shall be performed when it expires, and 

 neither party is liable for damages. If 

 the master sail to any other port than 

 that agreed on, without necessity, he 

 must sail to the port agreed on at his 

 own expense, and is also liable for any 

 damages in consequence thereof. If a 

 ship be taken by the enemy, and retaken 

 or ransomed, the charter-party continues 

 in force. If the master transfer the 

 goods from his own ship to another, with- 

 out necessity, and they perish, he is 

 responsible for the full value, and all 

 charges ; but if his own ship be in immi- 

 nent danger, the goods may be put on 

 board another ship, at the risk of the 

 owner. If a ship be freighted out and 

 home, and a sum agreed on for the whole 

 voyage, nothing becomes due until the 

 return of such ship. If a certain sum 

 be specified for the homeward voyage, 

 it is due, although the correspondent 

 abroad should have no goods to send 

 home. A ship was freighted to a par- 

 ticular port and home, a particular freight 

 agreed upon for the homeward voyage, 

 with an option reserved for the corres- 

 pondent to decline it, unless the ship ar- 

 rived before a certain day. The master 

 did not go to the port agreed on, and 

 therefore became liable to damages, the 

 obligation being absolute on his part, 

 and conditional only on the part of the 

 freighter. If the goods be damaged 

 without fault of the ship or master, the 

 owner is not obliged to receive them and 

 pay the freight; but he must either re- 

 ceive or abandon the whole ; he cannot 

 receive those that are not damaged, and 

 reject the others. If the goods be da- 

 maged through the insufficiency of the 

 ship, the master is liable for the same : 

 but if it be owing to stress of weather, 

 he is not accountable. If part of the 

 goods be thrown overboard, or Uken 

 by the enemy, the part delivered pays 

 freight ; the master is accountable for 

 all the goods received on board by him- 

 self and mariners, unless they perish by 

 the act of God or the king's enemies. 

 The master is not liable for leakage of 

 liquors, nor accountable for contents of 

 packages, unless packed in his presence. 

 FRESCO, in painting, an Italian word, 

 now universally adopted, signify ing paint- 

 ings performed on the walls of palaces 

 and churches. There cannot be a doubt, 

 that this was the original method, in 

 which all large subjects were done, im- 



mediately -after the discovery of th*. 

 of expressing forms and substances, by 

 the judicious disposition of different co- 

 loured earths diluted with water. Sava- 

 ges found in a complete state of nature, 

 who knew nothing more than her imme- 

 diate dictates, have been found covered 

 with colours, collected, and used on their 

 persons by instinct ; and some have even 

 demonstrated genius in working the 

 beautiful mantles and helmets formed of 

 feathers of the most vivid tints: one step 

 more would have produced painting on 

 walls, but it was reserved for the ancient 

 Grecians to enlighten and benefit the 

 world by the superior talents they had 

 received and cultivated ; it would be vain 

 to enter into an investigation when their 

 attempts arrived to that state of compa- 

 rative perfection, which produced the 

 delineation of figures on plaster or simi- 

 lar composition ; we must, therefore, be 

 satisfied with describing some still ex- 

 tant, of very great antiquity, and men- 

 tioning the modern method of using the 

 colours. 



It may reasonably be supposed, that the 

 first pictures painted in this way were ex- 

 tremely rude, and probably did not con- 

 sist of more than two colours, a light 

 one for the ground, and a dark for the 

 outlines ; for blending the tints must have 

 been the result of experience, and some 

 degree of freedom. This supposition may 

 be illustrated by referrng to the valuable 

 vases brought from Herculaneum, by the 

 late Sir William Hamilton, and now de- 

 posited in the British Museum ; those, 

 and the paintings found in the same city, 

 were in all probability the performances 

 of Italians, but as the art was then evi- 

 dently in its infancy, the Greeks might 

 not have excelled their imitators ; indeed 

 painting must have been considered by 

 that ingenious people as an art inferior to 

 that of sculpture, which accounts for the 

 superior exellence, and earlier improve- 

 ments, in the latter. 



The appendix to the Abbe Barthele- 

 my's travels in Italy contains several cu- 

 rious remarks on Herculaneum, by Count 

 Caylus and others, and du Theil ; the 

 latter supposes that the destiuction of 

 this city happened in the year 471. Cay- 

 lus, on treating upon the ancient paint- 

 ings discovered, observes, " As to their 

 designing, it is dry, and hardly ever ex- 

 ceeds the idea of a fine statue. The 

 composition is in general coid, for the 

 same reason that the design is dry. In 

 fact, a figure is not grouped, though it 

 be placed with others; and statues in- 



