FUL 



FUL 



and in Persia exhibits its greatest ele- 

 gance of plumage. It is tamed with 

 great ease, and will feed very quitely in 

 the farm-yard on grain or roots, but. is 

 particularly fond of fishes, which it plun- 

 ges in the water before it takes them 

 to its mouth. Standing on one leg, it 

 employs the other as a hand in many 

 cases, particularly in lifting its food to its 

 mouth, in the same manner as a parrot. 



F. chloropus, or the common water- 

 hen, is found in various parts of England, 

 haunting the borders of ponds and rivers, 

 which abound in weeds, and breeding 

 twice in a season. It flies awkwardly, but 

 runs and swims well. Its flesh is thought 

 excellent, and its general weight is 

 about fifteen ounces. Rallus Carolinus, or 

 the American water-hen, is nearly as large 

 as a quail. In the beginning of autumn 

 these birds are found in the middle states 

 in extreme abundance. From a state of 

 perfect leanness, they speedily become so 

 fat as to be incapable of flying to any great 

 distance, and are knocked off the reeds of 

 the marshes by the paddles of the In- 

 dians, who make pleasurable excursions 

 in their canoes for this purpose, and in 

 the course of one night a party will take 

 ten or twelve hundred of them. They are 

 extremely admired for food, and supply 

 part of the daily repast of every planter 

 during their short season. Rallus porza- 

 na, or the spotted gallinule, is found in 

 Europe, and supposed to be migratory. It 

 is fond of solitude, and, unless in breeding 

 time, almost always alone. Its haunts are 

 similar to those of the common water-hen. 

 Its nest is built in the form of a boat, and 

 tied or fixed to reeds to prevent its being 

 carried off by the water. Its young run 

 as soon as they are hatched. For the 

 great coot, see Aves, Plate VII. fig. 4. 



FULIGO, in botany, a genus of the 

 Cryptogamia Fungi class and order. Fun- 

 gus with a cellular fibrous bark ; the fi- 

 bres penetrating in a reticulate manner 

 through the seminal mass. 



FULLER, a workman employed in the 

 woollen manufactories, to mill, or scour, 

 cloths, serges, and other stuffs, in order 

 to render them more thick, compact, and 

 durable. 



FULLER'S earth, in natural history, a 

 soft, greyish, brown, dense, and heavy 

 marie : when dry, it is of a greyish, ash- 

 coloured brown, 'in all degrees from very 

 pale to almost black, and it has generally 

 something of a greenish cast : it is very 

 hard and firm, of a compact texture, of a 

 rough and somewhat dusty surface, that 

 adheres slightly to the tongue : it is very 

 soft to the touch, not staining the hands, 



nor breaking easily between the fingers 

 it has a little harshnessbetweenthe teeth, 

 and melts freely in the mouth : thrown 

 into water it makes no ebullition, or hiss- 

 ing, but swells gradually in bulk, and falls 

 into a fine soft powder. 



It is of great use in scouring cloths, 

 stuffs, &c. imbibing all the grease and oil 

 used in preparing, dressing, Sec. of the 

 wool. It does not effervesce with the 

 acids : before the blow-pipe it melts with 

 a brown spongy scoria tit consists of 



Silex - 

 Alumine 

 Lime - 

 Magnesia 

 Oxide of iron 

 Water - 



51.8 



25. 

 3.3 

 0.7 

 3.7 



15.5 



100.0 



Fuller's earth is not now in so much re- 

 quest in the country as it was formerly, 

 owing to the almost general use of soap. 

 In England it is found in beds, covered 

 by, and resting upon, that peculiar sand- 

 stone formation, which accompanies and 

 serves as the foundation to chalk ; its co- 

 lour is yellowish grey, with a faint tinge 

 of green. It is found in Hampshire, Bed - 

 fordshire, and in Surrey. 



FULLING, the art or act of cleansing, 

 scouring, and pressing cloths, stufls, and 

 stockings, to render them stronger, closer, 

 and firmer ; called also milling. The full- 

 ing of cloths and other stuffs is performed 

 by a kind of water-mill, thence called a 

 fulling or scouring-mill. These mills, ex- 

 cept in what relates to the mill-stones and 

 hopper, are much the same with corn- 

 mills : and there are even some which 

 serve indifferently for either use ; corn 

 being gronnd, and cloths fulled, by the 

 motion of the same wheel. Whence, in 

 some places, particularly in France, the 

 fullers are called millers ; as grinding corn 

 and milling stuffs at the same time. The 

 method of fulling cloths and woollen stuffs 

 with soap is this: a coloured cloth is to be 

 laid in the usual manner in the trough of a 

 fulling-mill, without first soaking it in 

 water, as is commonly practised in many 

 places. To full this trough of cloth, 15 

 pounds of soap are required, one half of 

 which is to be melted in two pails of river 

 or spring water, made as hot as the hand 

 can well bear it. This solution is to be 

 poured by little and little upon the cloth, 

 in proportion as it is laid in the trough ; 

 and thus it is to be fulled for at least two 

 hours j after which it is to be taken out 



