GAD 



GAD 



of Gibraltar. Before the discovery of 

 Newfoundland, in 1496, Ice'and was the 

 principal scene for the cod fishery, which 

 was speedily after that event transferred 

 to Newfoundland, where it is conducted 

 to such an extent, merely by the hook, 

 baited with the herring and other small 

 fishes, as to furnish employment for fif- 

 teen thousand British seamen, and to a 

 more numerous portion of population at 

 home, occupied on the various articles of 

 manufacture, indispensible for a concern 

 of such vast extent and importance. 



C. aeglefinus, or the haddock* is distin- 

 guished from every other species by its 

 forked tail, and by having the lower jaw 

 longer than the upper. These fishes 

 abound in the northern seas, and are 

 found at particular seasons on particular 

 coasts, to which they approach in shoals 

 of several miles in length. On the coasts 

 of Yorkshire they are particularly abun- 

 dant in the season, which has been known 

 to commence on the same day of the 

 Inonth in two successive years. 



Three men will not unfrequently, dur- 

 ing the continuance of these fishes on the 

 coast, take three tons of them in a day : 

 and they have been often sold to the poor 

 for the low price of a half-penny a score. 

 In stormy weather the haddock shelters 

 itself in the mud at the bottom. Its gene- 

 ral length is eighteen inches, and weight 

 two pounds and a half. 



G. merlangus, or the whiting, is, gene- 

 r.ally, about twelve inches long, and is ele- 

 gantly formed. It abounds in the north- 

 ern seas, and is found in some parts of the 

 Mediterranean. In the spring, whitings 

 are caught on the British coasts in im- 

 , mense abundance, and they are consider- 

 ed by many as preferable for the table to 

 every other species of the cod genus. 

 Their favourite food consists of sprats and 

 herrings. 



G. pollachius, or the pollack, is found 

 in the Baltic and Northern Seas, and on 

 the coast of England also, in vast shoals, 

 during the summer, at which time these 

 fishes are so prone to catch at any thing 

 on the surface of the water, that they may 

 be caught only with a hook and feather. 

 In the most boisterous and tempestuous 

 weather they are strong enough to keep 

 tbeir situation, and resist the impetuosity 

 of the waves. Their general weight is 

 from two to four pounds. 



G. merluccius, or the hake, is usually 

 from one to two feet in length. It is 

 found in the Mediterranean! and Northern 



seas, and abounds on the English coast, 

 VOL. V. 



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and still more on that of Ireland ; and to 

 the poor of these countries is a consider- 

 able article of food. Being, however, a 

 coarse fish, it? is rarely seen at the tables 

 of the opulent. They feed principally on 

 the mackrel and herring 1 . On the coasts of 

 Brittany an extensive hake fishery is car- 

 ried on, and almost always by night. On 

 the coast of Waterford six men would, in 

 the course of a single night, take a thou- 

 sand of these fishes with a rod and line. 



G. molva, or the ling (a word implying 

 length) is generally from three to four 

 feet in length, and has, occasionally, been 

 seen of seven. These fishes are found in 

 the depths of the Northern Seas, and con- 

 stitute a considerable article of merchan- 

 dize in Great Britain itself. Great num- 

 bers are salted and preserved for home 

 consumption, as well as for exportation, 

 for the last of which it is required by sta- 

 tute, that in order to any persons being 

 entitled to the bounty on sending them 

 abroad, they should measure twenty-two 

 inches exclusively of the head. During 

 their continuance in season, their liver is 

 white and oily, but as they decline, these 

 qualities proportionably diminish, and a 

 length totally disappear. 



G. lota, or the burbot, is to be met with 

 in various parts, both of Europe and Asia, 

 frequenting clear streams and lakes. In 

 the Trent and Witham rivers, and in the 

 fens of Lincolnshire, it is also highly abun- 

 dant. Its food consists of almost all the 

 smaller fishes, and also of worms and 

 frogs. Its general weight is between two? 

 and three pounds, and it is regarded as 

 excellent for the table. Its liver is parti- 

 cularly celebrated, as furnishing 1 the most 

 luxurious banquet. 



GADOLINITE, in mineralogy, a me- 

 tallic fossil, first discovered by Dr. Gado- 

 lin, from whom it is named ; it is also call- 

 ed yttria from Ytterby, where it is found ; 

 its colour is black, passing into brownish 

 black ; it occurs massive, is shining, and 

 its lustre is vitreous; fracture conchoidal; 

 it is hard, scratches quartz slightly, is 

 opaque, brittle, and of a specific gravity 

 4.05 ; it attracts the magnetic needle* 

 When pulverized and heated with dilute 

 nitric acid, it is converted into a yellow- 

 ish-grey thick jelly. It decrepitatesbefore 

 the blow-pipe, assumes a redish white 

 colour, and remains unfused if the frag- 

 ments are not very minute ; with borax 

 it is converted into a yellow-coloured 

 glass. A new earth, to which the name of 

 yttria has been given, has been discovered 

 m it; accprding to VRuquelin it consists of 



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