GOV 



GRA 



The interior generally exhibits three 

 ranges of arches in each arcade, the low- 

 est are bounded by a strong pillar, with 

 others more slender filleted round it ; 

 from the capitals of those arise the first 

 arch, three of the small pillars ascend to 

 the spring of the roof; the second range 

 of arches open into a gallery, and the 

 upper are windows (see fig. 11.) which 

 exhibit the tracery or ribs from the pil- 

 lars on the roof. Fig. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 

 17, shew a variety of ornaments pecu- 

 liar to the gothic or pointed style of ar- 

 chitecture. 



GOUANIA, in botany, so called in 

 honour of Antoine Gouan, M. D. a ge- 

 nus of the Polygamia Monoecia class and 

 order. Natural order of Rhamni, Jus- 

 sieu. Essential character : hermaphro- 

 dite, calyx five-cleft ; corolla none ; an- 

 thers five, under a veil ; style three- 

 cleft ; fruit inferior, tripartite : male, si- 

 milar, but without germ and stigma. 

 There is only one species, -viz. G. domin- 

 gensis, chavstick, a native of St. Domingo 

 in the woods. 



GOVERNMENT, in general, is the po- 

 lity of a state, or an orderly power con- 

 stituted for the public good. 



Civil government was instituted for the 

 preservation and advancement of men's 

 civil interests, and for the better securi- 

 ty of their lives, liberties, and proper- 

 ties. The use and necessity of govern- 

 ment is such, that there never was an 

 age or country without some sort of civil 

 authority ; but as men are seldom unani- 

 mous in the means of attaining their ends, 

 so their difference in opinion, in relation 

 to government, has produced a variety of 

 forms of it. To enumerate them would 

 be to recapitulate the history of the whole 

 earth. But they may, in general, be re- 

 duced to one of these heads ; either the 

 civil authority is delegated to one, or 

 more, or else it is still reserved to the 

 whole body of the people ; whence arises 

 the known distinction of government 

 into monarchy, aristrocacy, and demo- 

 cracy. See ARISTOCRACY, CONSTITUTION, 

 DEMOCRACY, &c. 



A mixed government is composed by 

 the combination of the simple forms of 

 government, which have already been, or 

 will hereafter be, described; and, in 

 whatever proportion each form enters 

 into the constitution of a government, 

 in the same proportion may both the 

 advantages and evils, which have been 

 attributed to that form, be expected. 

 The government of England is unques- 

 tionably a mixed government, though by 



some writers it is denominated a limited 

 monarchy. It is formed by a combina- 

 tion of the three regular species of go- 

 vernment ; the monarchy residing in 

 the King, the aristocracy in the House of 

 Peers, and the republic being repre- 

 sented by the House of Commons. The 

 perfection intended, and, with regard to 

 the United Kingdoms, in a considerable 

 degree effected, is, to unite the advan- 

 tages of the several simple forms, and to 

 exclude the inconveniences. " For, as 

 with us,'* says Sir William Blackstone, 

 *' the executive power of the IHWS is 

 lodged in a single person, they have all 

 the advantages of strength and dispatch 

 that are to be found in the most absolute 

 monarchy ; and as the legislature of the 

 kingdom is entrusted to three distinct 

 powers, entirely independent of each 

 other: first, the King; secondly, the 

 Lords, spiritual and temporal, which is 

 an aristocratical assembly of persons se- 

 lected for their piety, their birth, their 

 wisdom, their valour, or their property; 

 and, thirdly, the House of Commons, 

 freely chosen by the people from among 

 themselves, which makes it a kind of de- 

 mocracy ; as this aggregate body, actuat- 

 ed by different springs, and attentive to 

 different interests, composes the British 

 Parliament, and has the supreme disposal 

 of eyery thing, there can be no inconve- 

 nience attempted by either of the three 

 branches, but will be withstood by one of 

 the other two; each branch being arm- 

 ed with a negative power, sufficient to 

 repel any innovation which it shall think 

 inexpedient or dangerous." See Mo- 



NAUCHY. 



GOUGE, an instrument or tool used by 

 divers artificers, being a sort of round 

 hollow chisel for cutting holes, chan- 

 nels, grooves, &c. either in wood or 

 stone. 



GOUST, or GOUT, signifies taste or 

 skill in poetry, painting, &c. 



GOUT. See MEDICINE. 



GRACE, in music, either in vocal or 

 instrumental performances, -consists not 

 only in giving due place to the decora- 

 tive additions, but in that easy, smooth, 

 and natural expression of the passages, 

 which best conveys the beauties of the 

 composition, and forms one of the prin- 

 cipal attributes of a good performer. 



GRADUATE, a person who has taken 

 a degree in the university. See DEGREE. 



GRADUATION, in mathematics, the 

 act of graduating or dividing any thing 

 into degrees, or equal parts. 



GRAFT, or GRAFF, in gardening, a 



