GRA 



GRA 



IK) livery of seisin can be had. For which 

 reason, all corporeal hereditaments, as 

 lands and houses, are said to be in livery, 

 and the others, as advowsons, commons, 

 services, rents, reversions, and the like, 

 lie in grant. He that granteth is termed 

 the grantor: and he to whom the grant 

 is made is termed the grantee. A grant 

 differs from a gift in this, that gifts are 

 always gratuitous ; grants are upon some 

 consideration or equivalent. The opera- 

 tive words in grants are, dedi et concesst, 

 st I have given and granted." Grants may 

 he void by uncertainty, impossibility, be- 

 ing against law, or a wrong title, to de- 

 fraud creditors, &c. Grants of the King 

 are by letters patent, and are void when 

 obtained by mistake or deceit appa- 

 rent, or for an estate which cannot be 

 granted, such as an estate to a man and 

 his heirs male, without saying of his 

 ( body; because it is neither an estate in 

 fee nor in tail. 



GRANULATION, in chemistry, the 

 .process by which a metal is reduced into 

 grains, which is effected by melting the 

 metal, and then pouring it in a very slen- 

 der stream into cold water. As soon as 

 the metal comes in contact with water, it 

 divides into drops, which have a tendency 

 to a spherical shape, and are more or less 

 perfect, according to the thinness of the 

 stream, the height from which it falls, and 

 the temperature of the metal. Some of 

 the more fusible metals may be reduced 

 to much finer grains, by pouring it in its 

 melted state into a wooden box, rubbed 

 over with chalk, and shaking it violently 

 before it has time to become solid. 



GRAPE. See VITIS. Grapes have 

 been repeatedly examined by the best in- 

 formed chemists and most accurate tests, 

 but withoutthatsuccess which might have 

 been expected. They are found to con- 

 tain much sugar, a portion of mucilage 

 and jelly, some albumen and colom-ing 

 matter. Tartrate of potash, tartaric acid, 

 the citric and malic acids, have likewise 

 been discovered in them. 



GRA PBIC gold. S ee TELLURIUM. 



GRAPHIC stone. See GRANITE. 



GRAPHITES, a mineral, principally of 

 carbon, with a small portion of iron and 

 silica. When pure it burns with a reddish 

 flame, emitting beautiful sparks, and a 

 smell of sulphur. Its specific gravity is 

 about 2 : it feels somewhat greasy, stains 

 the fingers, and marks strongly. It is a 

 true carburet of iron, of which there are 

 several species : one is plumbago, or 

 black-lead, so useful in the form of pen- 

 cils. It consists of 



Carbon 90 



Iron 10 



100 



GRAPHOMETER, a mathematical in- 

 strument, otherwise called a semi-circle, 

 the use of which is to observe any angle 

 whose vertex is at the centre of the in- 

 strument in any plane (though it is most 

 commonly horizontal, or nearly so) and to : 

 find how many degrees it contains. 



The graphometcr is a graduated semi- | 

 circle, ABC, (see plate VI. Miscel. fig. 5, 

 6, 7,) made of wood, brass, or the like, : 

 and so fixed on a fulcrum, GH, by means 

 of a brass ball and sockat, that it easily . 

 turns about, and retains any situation.. It ^ 

 has two sights fixed on its diameter, AC, $ 

 and at the centre there is commonly a 

 magnetical needle and compass in a box. & 

 There is likely a moveable ruler or in- 

 dex, ED, with two sights, P, P, which $ 

 turns round the centre, and retains any 

 situation given it. 



To measure by this instrument an an- 

 gle, ABC, in any plane, and comprehend- 

 ed between the right limes, AC and BC, 

 drawn from two points, A and B, to the .. 

 place of station, C. Let the graphometer 

 be placed at C, supported by its fulcrum; 

 and let the immoveable sights on the dia- 

 meter of the instrument, DE, be directed 

 towards the point A ; and likewise, while 

 the instrument remains immoveable, let 

 the sights of the ruler FG, which is 

 moveable about the centre, C, be directed 

 to the point B. Now it is evident, that 

 the moveable ruler cuts off an arch, DH, 

 which is the measure of the angle, ABC, 

 sought. Moreover, by the same method, 

 the inclination of DE, or of FG, may be', 

 observed with the meridian line, which is* 

 pointed out by the magnetic needle in- 

 closed in the box, and moveable about 

 the centre of the instrument. 



GRAPNELS, a sort of anchors with 

 four flukes, serving for boats to ride by. 3, 



There is also a kind called fire and 

 chain-grapnels, made with four barbed- 

 claws, instead of flukes, and usedtocatch ] 

 hold of the enemy's rigging, or any other ; 

 part, in order for boarding them. 



A fire-grapnel, in some respects, resem- 

 bles the former, but differing in the con-' 

 struction of its flukes, which are furnish- 

 ed with strong barbs on its points. Fire ' 

 grapnels are usually fixed by a chain on 

 the yard-arm of a ship, to grapple any >. 

 adversary whom she intends to board, ; 

 and are particularly requisite in fire ships. 



