HAT 



HAT 



note her breadth at the bow. Some also 

 give the same name to the ends of the 

 bends that are fastened into the stern. 



HARPSICHORD, the most harmonious 

 of all the musical instruments of the 

 string kind. It is played on after the 

 manner of the organ, and is furnished 

 with a set, and sometimes with two sets, 

 of keys ; the touching or striking of these 

 keys move a kind of jacks, which also 

 move a double row of chords, or strings, 

 of brass or iron, stretched over four 

 bridges, on the table of the instrument. 

 See Music. 



HARPOON, sometimes called harping- 

 iron, a spear or javelin, used to strike the 

 whales in the Greenland and South Sea 

 fisheries. It is furnished with a long shank, 

 and has, at the one end, a broad and fiat 

 triangular head, sharpened at both edges, 

 so as to penetrate the whale with facility : 

 to the other end of this weapon is fasten- 

 ed a long cord, called the whale-line, 

 which lies carefully coiled in the boat, so 

 as to run out without being entangled. 

 See FISHERY, ivhale. 



The gun-harpoon is a weapon used for 

 the same purpose, but is tired out of a 

 gun, instead of being thrown by hand. It 

 is made of steel, and has a chain attached 

 to it to which the line is fastened. 



HARTSHORN, spirit of. See AMMO- 



SIA. 



HARTOGIA, in botany, a genus of the 

 Tetrandria Monogynia class and order. 

 Natural order of Dumosse. Rhamni, Jus- 

 sieu. Essential character: calyx five- 

 cleft ; petals four, spreading ; drupe 

 ovate, inclosing two seeds. There is but 

 one species, inz. H. capensis, found in the 

 woods near the Cape of Good Hope. 



HARVEST fy t in zoology, a large 

 four-winged fly, of the cicada kind. See 

 CICADA. 



HASSELQUISTIA, in botany, so nam- 

 ed, in memory of Frederick Hasselquist, 

 M. D. a genus of the Pentandria Digynia 

 class and order. Natural order of Umbel- 

 latae. Essential character : corolla radia- 

 ted in the disk, male : seeds in the cir- 

 cumference double, with a notched edge ; 

 in the disk solitary, pitcher-shaped, lie- 

 mispherical. There are two species. 



HAT making. The materials for mak- 

 ing hats are, rabbit's fur, cut off from the 

 skin, after the hairs have been plucked 

 out, together with wool and beaver. 



The two former are mixed in various 

 proportions, and of different qualities, ac- 

 cording to the value of the article intend- 

 ed to be made ; and the latter is univer- 

 sally used for facing the finer articles, and 



never for the body or main stuff. Expe-. 

 rience has shown that these articles can- 

 not be evenly and well felted -together, 

 unless all the fibres be first separated, or 

 put into the same state with regard to 

 each other. This is the object of the first 

 process, called bowing. The materials, 

 without any previous preparation, are 

 laid upon a platform of wood, or of wire, 

 somewhat more than four feet square, 

 called a hurdle, which is fixed against the 

 wall of the work shop, and is enlightened 

 by a small window, and separated by 

 two side partitions from other hurdles, 

 which occupy the rest of the space along 

 the wall The hurdle, if of wood, is made 

 of deal planks, not quite three inches 

 wide, disposed parallel to the wall, and 

 at the distance of one fortieth, or one fif- 

 tieth of an inch from each other, for the 

 purpose of suffering the dust, and other 

 impurities of the stuff, to pass through ; a 

 purpose still more effectually answered by 

 the hurdle of wire. 



The workman is provided with a bow, 

 a bow pin, a basket, and several cloths. 

 The bow is a pole of yellow deal-wood, 

 between seven and eight feet long, to 

 which are fixed two bridges, somewhat 

 like that which receives the hair in the 

 bow of the violin. Over these are stretch- 

 ed a cat-gut, about one-twelfth part of an 

 inch in thickness. The bow-pin is a stick 

 with a knob, and is used for plucking the 

 bow-string. The basket is a square piece 

 of ozier work, consisting of open strait 

 bars, with no crossing or interweaving. 

 Its length across the bars may be about 

 two feet r and its breadth eighteen inches. 



The sides into which the bars are fixed 

 are slightly bended into a circular curve, 

 so that the basket may be set upright on 

 one of these edges near the right hand 

 end of the hurdle, where it usually stands. 

 The cloths are linen, and dyed of a dark 

 olive brown. Besides these implements, 

 the workman is also provided with brown 

 paper. 



The bowing commences by shovelling 

 the materials towards the right hand par- 

 tition with the basket, upon which the 

 workman, holding the bow horizontally 

 in his left hand, and the bow-pin in his 

 right, lightly places the bow-string, and 

 gives it a pluck with the pin. The string, 

 in its return strikes part of the fur, and 

 causes it to rise, and fly partly across the" 

 hurdle in a light open form. By repeated 

 strokes, the whole is thus subjected to 

 the bow, and this beating is repeated, till 

 all the original clots or masses of the 

 filaments are perfectly opened and sepa- 



