INS 



INT 



goods on board are, in proportion to their 

 respective interests, liable to contribute 

 towards any particular loss or expense in- 

 curred for the general safety of the ship 

 or cargo, so that the particular loser may 

 not be a greater sufferer than the other 

 owners of the goods. Thus, where the 

 goods of a particular merchant are thrown 

 overboard to lighten the ship ; where the 

 masts, cables, anchors, or other furniture 

 of the ship are cut away, or destroyed, 

 for the safety of the whole ; in these, and 

 similar cases, the loss is the proper sub- 

 ject of a general contribution, and ought 

 to be rateably borne by the owners of the 

 ship, freight, and cargo, so that the loss 

 may fall proportionably on all. As to the 

 articles liable to contribute, the rule is, 

 that the ship, freight, and every thing 

 remaining of the cargo, is subject to this 

 charge ; therefore, money, plate, and 

 jewels, are as much liable as more heavy 

 and bulky goods. But the persons on 

 board, their wearing apparel, and the 

 jewels belonging to it, shall not contri- 

 bute; neither are seamen's wages liable to 

 contribHte. 



Loss by expense of salvage. At common 

 law, the party has a lien on every thing 

 saved, till payment of salvage ; but the 

 regulations now principally in force are 

 ascertained by the statutes 12 Anne, c. 

 18, 26. Geo. II. c. 19, 33. Geo. III. c. 

 66. The insured need not in his action 

 declare for salvage, but may recover un- 

 der a declaration for the loss which oc- 

 casioned it, and the damage which the 

 goods have sustained. In case of neutral 

 ships captured by the enemy, and re- 

 taken by British men-of-war, or priva- 

 'teers, the Court of Admiralty has a dis- 

 cretionary power of adjusting the sal- 

 vage. Before an action will lie for a loss 

 by payment of salvage, the amount must 

 be ascertained by decision of the Court of 

 Admiralty. 



Abandonment. The insured may aban- 

 don in every case, where, in consequence 

 of any of the perils insured against, the 

 voyage is lost, or not worth pursuing; 

 Wnere the thing insured is so damaged as 

 to be of little or no value to the owner, 

 where the salvage is immoderate, where 

 what is saved is of less value than the 

 freight, or where further expense is ne- 

 cessary, and the insurer will not under- 

 take to pay that expense, &c. 



Ship-wreck is generally a total loss. 

 What may be saved of the ship or cargo 

 is so uncertain, that the law cannot dis- 

 tinguish this from the loss of the whole. 

 But a mere stranding of the ship is not of 



itself a total loss; it is only where the 

 stranding is followed by shipwredf, or the 

 ship is otherwise incapable of prosecuting" 

 her voyage. 



Return of premium. The premium is to 

 be returned in all cases where the con- 

 tract is void for want of interest; which 

 may be either total, as where the insured 

 has nothing on board the ship ; or partial, 

 where he has some interest, but not to 

 the amount in the policy ; and it is a ge- 

 neral rule, that, wherever insurance is 

 made through mistake, misinformation, 

 or other innocent cause, without interest, 

 or for more than the real interest, there 

 shall be a return of premium. 



On a wager policy, the insured cannot 

 recover back the premium, at least after 

 the risk is run. This policy is void, as 

 being without interest, but both parties 

 being guilty of a breach of the statute 19 

 Geo. 11. c. 37, the rule, that where both 

 parties are equally criminal, the possessor 

 has the advantage, applies, and the in- 

 sured cannot recover back the premium. 



INSURANCE upon life, is a contract, by 

 which the underwriter, for a certain sum, 

 proportioned to the age, health, and pro- 

 fession of the person whose life is the ob- 

 ject of the insurance, engages that the 

 person shall not die within the time limit- 

 ed in the policy ; or, if he do, that he, the 

 underwriter, will pay a sum of money to 

 the person in whose favour the policy is 

 granted : and in this, as well as in marine 

 insurances, the party must have an actual, 

 interest. 



INSURASCE against fire, is a contract 

 by which the insurer undertakes, in con- 

 sideration of a premium, to indemnify the 

 insured against all losses which he may 

 sustain in his house or goods by means of 

 fire, within the time limited in the policy. 



INTEGER, in arithmetic, a whole num- 

 ber, in contradistinction to a fraction. 



INTEGRAL, or integrant, in philoso- 

 phy, appellations given to parts of bodies 

 which are of a similar nature with the 

 whole : thus filings of iron have the same 

 nature and properties as bars of iron. 



INTEGRAL calculus. See CAJ.CULUS. 



INTEGUMENTS, in physiology, de- 

 note the common coverings which invest 

 the body, as the cutis, &c. The common 

 integuments are the skin, with the fat and 

 cellular membrane adhering to it. The 

 term integument is also extended to the 

 particular membranes which invest cer- 

 tain parts of the body, as the coats or 

 tunics of the eye. 



INTELLIGENCE, in a military sense, 

 maybe variously applied, and of course 



