JUD 



JUG 



vintage, and other productions of the 

 earth, in the same manner as in the sab- 

 batic, or seventh year. As this was de- 

 signed to put the Israelites in mind of 

 their Egyptian servitude, and to prevent 

 their imposing the like upon their bre- 

 thren, it was not observed by the Gentile 

 proselytes. 



The Christians, in imitation of the Jews, 

 have likewise established jubilees, which 

 began in the time of Pope Boniface VIII. 

 in the year 1300, and are now practised 

 every twenty-five years ; but these relate 

 only to the pretended forgiveness of sins, 

 and the indulgences granted by the 

 church of Rome. 



J UDGE. The judges are the chief ma- 

 gistrates in the law, to try civil and cri- 

 minal causes. Of these there are twelve 

 in England, viz. the Lords Chief Justices 

 of the Courts of King's Bench and Com- 

 mon Pleas ; the Lord Chief Baron of the 

 Exchequer; the three puisne or inferior 

 judges of the two former courts, and the 

 three puisne barons of the latter. By 

 statute 1 Geo. III. c. 23, the judges are to 

 continue in their offices during their good 

 behaviour, notwithstanding any demise of 

 the crown, (which was formerly held im- 

 mediately to vacate their seats) and their 

 full salaries are absolutely secured to them 

 during the continuance of their commis- 

 sions, by which means the judges are ren- 

 dered completely independent of the 

 king, his ministers, or his successors. A 

 judge, at his creation, takes an oath that 

 he will serve the king, and indifferently 

 administer justice to all men, without re- 

 spect of persons, take no bribe, give no 

 counsel where he is a party, nor deny 

 right to any, though the king or any other, 

 by letters, or by expressed words, com- 

 mand the contrary, &c. and in default of 

 duty, to be answerable to the king in 

 body, laud, and goods. Where a judge 

 has an interest, neither he nor his deputy 

 can determine a cause, or sit in court, and 

 if he do, a prohibition lies. 



Judges are punishable for wilful of- 

 fences against the duty of their situations ; 

 instances of which happily live only in re- 

 membrance. 



A judge is not answerable to the king, 

 or the party, for mistakes or errors in his 

 judgment, in a matter of which he has 

 jurisdictiotv 



JUDGMENT, among logicians, a facul- 

 ty, or rather act, of the human soul, where- 

 by it compares its ideas, and perceives 

 their agreement or disagreement. 



JUDGMENT. The opinion of the judges 

 is so called, and is the very voice and final 

 doom of the law; and, therefore, is always 



VOL. IV. 



taken for unquestionable truth ; or it is 

 the sentence of the law pronounced by 

 the court upon the matter contained in 

 the record. Judgments are of four sorts, 

 viz. 1. Where the facts are confessed by 

 the parties, and the law determined by 

 the court, which is termed judgment by 

 demurrer. 2. Where the law is admitted 

 by the parties, and the facts only are dis- 

 puted, as in judgment upon a demurrer. 

 3. Where both the fact and the law aris- 

 ing thereon, are admitted by the defen- 

 dant, as in case of judgment by confession 

 or default. 4. Where the plaintiff is con- 

 vinced that fact or law, or both, are in- 

 sufficient to support his action, and there- 

 fore abandons or withdraws his prosecu- 

 tion, as in case of judgment upon a non- 

 suit or retraxit. See WARRANT of AT- 

 TORNEY. 



Judgments are either interlocutory or 

 final. Interlocutory judgments are such 

 as are given in the middle of a cause, 

 upon some plea, proceeding, or default, 

 which is only intermediate, and doth not 

 finally determine or complete the suit ; 

 as upon dilatory pleas, when the judg- 

 ment in many cases is, that the defendant 

 shall answer over, that is, put in a more 

 substantial plea. Final judgments are 

 such as at once put an end to the action, 

 by declaring that the plaintiff hath either 

 entitled himself, or hath not, to recover 

 the remedy he sues for. 



JUGLANS, in botany, -walnut tree, a ge- 

 nus of the Monoecia Polyandria class and 

 order. Natural order of Amentacex. 

 Terebintaceae, Jussieu. Essential cha- 

 racter: male, calyx one-leafed, scale- 

 form ; corolla six-parted ; filaments eigh- 

 teen ; female, calyx four-cleft, superior ; 

 corolla four-parted; styles two; drupe 

 with a grooved nucleus. There are eight 

 species, of which J. regia, common wal- 

 nut, is a very large and lofty tree, with 

 strong spreading boughs. There are se- 

 veral varieties, but they all vary again 

 when raised from the seed, and nuts from 

 the same tree will produce different fruit : 

 persons, therefore, who plant the walnut 

 for its fruit, should make choice of the 

 trees in the nurseries when they have 

 their fruit upon them. In France, Swit- 

 zerland, &c. the wood is in great request 

 for furniture, as it was formerly in Eng- 

 land, till the use of mahogany superseded 

 it ; it is in great repute with the joiner, 

 for the best grained and coloured wains- 

 cot; with the gun-smith, for stocks ; with 

 the coach-maker, for wheels and the bo- 

 dies of coaches ; with the cabinet-maker, 

 for inlayings, especially the firm and close 

 timber about the root, which is admirable 



