JUL 



JUJL 



for flecked and cambleted works, To 

 render this wood the better coloured, 

 joiners put the boards into an oven, after 

 the batch is out, or lay them in a warm 

 stable ; and when they work it, polish it 

 over with its awn oil very hot, which 

 makes it look black and sleek, and the ol- 

 der it is the more estimable. The husks 

 and leaves being 1 macerated in warm wa- 

 ter, and the liquor poured on grass walks 

 and bowling-greens, will infallibly kill the 

 worms, without endangering the grass. 

 Not that there is any thing peculiai-ly 

 noxious in this decoction ; but worms can- 

 not bear the application of any thing- bit- 

 ter to their bodies, which is the reason 

 that bitters, such as gentian, are the best 

 destroyers of worms lodged in the bodies 

 of animals. 



JUGULAR, in anatomy, an appellation 

 given to two veins of the neck, which 

 arise from the subclavians. See AJTA- 

 TOMY. 



JUGULARES, in natural history, an 

 order of fishes, according to the Linnaean 

 system. The fishes of this order have 

 their ventral fins situated before the pec- 

 toralfins, and, as it were, under the throat. 

 They are mostly inhabitants of the sea. 

 Their body is sometimes covered with 

 scales, and sometimes not. With a very 

 few exceptions, they have spines in the 

 dorsal and anal fins, and their gills have 

 bony rays. Of this order there are the 

 following genera : 



Blennius 



Callyonimus 



Gadus 



Kurtus 



Trachinus 



Uranoscopus 



JULIAN period, in chronology, a sys- 

 tem or period of 7980 years, found by 

 multiplying the three cycles of the sun, 

 moon, and indiction, into one another. 

 See CHUOXOLOGY. 



This period was called the Julian, not 

 because invented by Julius Caesar ; since 

 the Julian epocha w T as not received till 

 the year 4669, but because the system 

 consists of Julian years. This epocha is 

 not historical, but artificial, being invented 

 only for the use of true epochas ; for 

 Scaliger, considering that the calculation 

 was very intricate in using the years of 

 the creation, the years before Christ, or 

 any other epocha whatever, in regard that 

 another person could not understand 

 what year this or that writer meant ; to 

 remove such doubts in the computation 

 of time, he thought of this period : which 

 commencing 710 years before the begin- 

 ning of the world, the various opinions 



concerning other epochas may commodi- 



ously be referred to it. See EPOCHA. 



The most remarkable uses of the Ju- 

 lian period are as follow : 1. That we can 

 explain our mind to one another, for eve- 

 ry year in this period has its peculiar cy- 

 cles, which no other year in the whole 

 period has ; whereas, on the contrary, if 

 we reckon by the years of the world, we 

 must first enquire how many veurs any 

 other reckons From the creation to the year 

 of Christ, which multiple-inquisition is 

 troublesome and fuU of difficulties, accord- 

 ing to the method of other periods. 2. 

 That the three cycles of the sun, moon 

 and indiction, are easily found in this pe- 

 riod. 3. That if it be known how the 

 chronological characters are to be found 

 in this period, and how the years of any 

 other epocha are to be connected with 

 the years of it, the same characters also 

 may* with little labour, be applied to the 

 years of ull other epochas. 



JULUS, in natural history, a genus of 

 insects of the order Aptera. Lip cre- 

 nate, emarginate ; antennae moniliform ; 

 two feelers, filiform ; body long, semi- 

 cylindrical, consisting of numerous trans- 

 verse segments; legs numerous, twice as 

 many on each side as there are segments 

 of the body. There are fourteen species, 

 of which we shall notice the J. Indus, or 

 great Indian julus, which is six or seven 

 inches long ; found in the warmer parts 

 of Asia and America, inhabiting woods 

 and other retired places. It has 115 legs 

 on each side ; the body is ferruginous ; 

 legs yellow ; the last segment of the body 

 is pointed. The most common species is 

 the J. sabulosus, about an inch and a 

 quarter long 1 ; the colour brownish black, 

 except the legs, which are pale or whit- 

 ish ; it is an oviparous animal ; and the 

 young when first hatched are small and 

 white, and furnished with only three pair 

 of legs, situated near the head ; the re- 

 maining pairs, in all 120, do not make 

 their appearance till some time after. 

 This species inhabits Europe, and is 

 found in damp places and in nuts. The 

 juli tribe are nearly allied to the scolo- 

 pendrse, or centipedes, but their body, 

 instead of being flattened, as in those in- 

 sects, is nearly cylindrical, and every 

 joint or segment is furnished with two 

 pair of feet, the number on each side 

 doubling that of the segments, but in the 

 scolopendrae the number of joints and of 

 feet is equal on each side. The eyes of 

 the juli are composed of hexagonal con- 

 vexities, as in most of the insect tribe, 

 and the mouth is furnished with a pair of 

 denticulated jaws. When disturbed, the 



