LIE 



LIF 



mode of action. See Paley's Moral Phi- 

 losophy. 



LIEUTENANT, an officer who sup- 

 plies the place, and discharges the office 

 of a superior in his absence. Of these, 

 some are civil, as the lords-lieutenants of 

 kingdoms, and the lords-lieutenants of 

 counties; and others are military, as the 

 lieutenant-general, lieutenant-general of 

 the artillery, lieutenant-colonel, lieuten- 

 ant of artillery of the Tower, lieutenants 

 of horse, foot, ships of war, &c. 



LIEUTENANT, lord, of Ireland, is proper- 

 ly a viceroy, and has all the state and 

 grandeur of a king of England, except 

 being served upon the knee, lie has 

 the power of making war and peace, of 

 bestowing all the offices under the go- 

 vernment, of dubbing knight, and of par- 

 doning all crimes except high treason ; 

 he also calls and prorogues the parlia- 

 ment, but no bill can pass without the 

 royal assent. He is assisted in his go- 

 vernment by a privy-council ; and, on his 

 leaving the* kingdom, he appoints the 

 lords of the regency, who govern in his 

 absence. 



LIEUTENANTS, lords, of counties, are of- 

 ficers, who, upon any invasion or rebel- 

 lion, have power to raise the militia, and 

 to give commissions to colonels and other 

 officers, to arm and form them into regi- 

 ments, troops, and companies. Under 

 the lords-lieutenants, are deputy-lieuten- 

 ants, who have the same power; these 

 are chosen by the lords- lieutenants out 

 of the principal gentlemen of each coun- 

 ty, and presented to the King for his ap- 

 probation. 



LIEUTENANT general, is an officer next 

 In rank to the general; in battle, he com- 

 mands one of the wings ; in a march, a 

 detachment, or a flying-camp ; also a 

 quarter, at a siege, or one of the attacks, 

 when it is his day of duty. 



LIEUTENANT of a ship of war, the offi- 

 cer next in rank and power to the cap- 

 tain; of these there are several in a large 

 ship, who take precedence according to 

 the dates of their first commissions. The 

 oldest lieutenant, during the absence of 

 the captain, is charged with the command 

 of the ship, as also the execution of what- 

 ever orders he may have received from 

 the commander, relating to the King's 

 service. The lieutenant who commands 

 the watch at sea, keeps a list of all the offi- 

 cers and men thereto belonging, in order 

 to muster them when he judges it expe- 

 dient, and report to the captain the 

 names of those who are absent from their 

 duty. During the night-watch he occa- 



VOL. IV. 



sjonally visits the lower decks, or sends 

 thither a careful officers to see that the 

 proper centinels are at their duty, and 

 that there is no disorder amongst the 

 men ; no tobacco smoked between decks, 

 nor any fire or caudles burning there, 

 except the lights which are in lan- 

 terns, under the care of a proper watch, 

 for particular purposes. He is expected 

 to be always on deck in his watch, as well 

 to give the necessary orders with regard 

 to trimming the sails, and superintending 

 the navigation, as to prevent any noise 

 and confusion ; but he is never to change 

 the ship's course without the captain's 

 directions, unless to avoid an immediate 

 danger. In time of battle, the lieutenant 

 is particularly to see that all the men are 

 present at their quarters, where they 

 have been previously stationed, accord- 

 ing to the regulations made by the cap- 

 tain. He orders and exhorts them every 

 where to perform their duty, and ac- 

 quaints the captain at all other times of 

 the misbehaviour of any persons in the 

 ship, and of whatever else concerns the 

 service or discipline. 



LIFE, duration of. The uncertainty of 

 the continuance of human life, has been a 

 fruitful source of serious reflections not 

 only to divines and moralists of all ages, 

 but occasionally to every individual of the 

 human race. Independent of the host of 

 fatal diseases which are continually aug- 

 menting the list of their victims, the fre- 

 quently occurring instances of persons 

 apparently in full possession of all the 1 

 requisites to the continuance of life, be- 

 ing unexpectedly consigned to the grave, 

 would cause men to think life more un- 

 certain than they generally appear to 

 consider it, did not the experience of liv- 

 ing from one day to another, confirmed 

 by the whole of their past lives, impress 

 them with the expectation of continuing- 

 so to do, while they do not feel ar,}- 

 known impediment to it; and it is neces- 

 sary to the well being of society that this 

 idea should in general preponderate. 

 But as the property or income from 

 which many persons derive their subsist- 

 ence depends on the continuance of 

 their life, or that of others, cases will fre- 

 quently occur in the adjustment of pecu- 

 niary concerns, in which it is desirable to 

 be able to form an estimate of the dura- 

 tion of life, and as it is evidently a subject 

 on which certainty cannot be attained, 

 we must be content with that species of 

 knowledge which rests on probability, 

 This degree of knowledge, which is the 

 limit of our acquaintance, with many 



J' 



