LIF 



LIG 



proportion arrive to that age. The pro- 

 portion of the inhabitants of other places 

 that live to the age of 80i has been found 

 as follows : 



At Edinburgh .... 



Vienna 



Breslaw 



Berlin 



Norwich 



Northampton . . . 

 Pais de Vaud . 



in 42 

 in 41 

 in 41 

 in 37 

 in 27 

 in 24 

 in 21 





Among any considerable number of 

 lives selected from the common mass, 

 -men as the nominees to a tontine, or the 

 members of an assurance or annuity so- 

 ciety, the duration of life will always be 

 found greater than it is represented by 

 tables formed from general bills of mor- 

 tality. Thus, M. Kersseboom found that 

 among the state annuitants in Holland, 1 

 in 14 lived to upwards of 80 years of age, 

 and the nominees to the life annuities 

 granted by the governments of France 

 and Great Britain, have been found to 

 live longer than the duration given by 

 any table formed from bills of mortality. 

 In some few country situations, where the 

 injurious habits and artificial mode of liv- 

 ing which prevail in large cities have 

 made little progress, the duration of life 

 has been found unusually great ; thus, at 

 Ack worth, in Yorkshire, 1 in 14 died turn- 

 ed of 80 years of age ; and, according to 

 an account of the parish of Kingham in 

 New England, in the first volume of" Me- 

 mpirs of the American Academy," the 

 number of deaths in 54 years had been 

 1113, of which 1 in 13 had survived 80 

 years. 



LIFE anmdties. See ACUITIES. Life 

 annuities secured by land, differ from 

 those already described only in this, that 

 ihe annuity is to be paid up to the very 

 Jay of the death of the age in question, 

 or of the person upon whose life the an- 

 nuity is granted. To obtain the more exact 

 value, therefore, of such an annuity, a 

 small sum must be added to the same, as 

 computed by the rules in the article Aic- 

 >'UITM;S, which will be different accord- 

 ing as the payments are yearly, half-year- 

 ly, or quarterly. Dr. Price has entered 

 u' large on the subject ; and, according to 

 him, t!e addition is, 



2^ for annual payments. 

 ^ for half-yearly payments, 

 for quarterly payments. 



Here n is the complement of the give-} 

 age, or what it wants of 86 years ; and y, 

 h, q, are the respective values of an an- 

 nuity certain of n years, payable yearly, 

 half-yearly, or quarterly. It is found, as 

 the result of many investigations, that 

 the first of these additional quantities is 

 about 



ith of one year's purchase 

 The second JLth. 

 The third J^tli." 



LIFE boat. See BOAT. 



LIFE estates, or estates for life> are of 

 two kinds ; either such as are created by 

 the act of the parties, or such as are cre- 

 ated by the operation of law, as estates by 

 the curtesy or dower. Estates for life, 

 created by deed or grant, are, where a 

 lease is made of lands or tenements to a 

 man, to hold for the term of his own life, 

 or for that of another person, or for more 

 lives than one ; in any of which cases he 

 is called tenant for life, only, when he 

 holds the estate by the life of another, he 

 is usually termed tenant pur outer vie, for 

 another's life. Estates for life may be 

 created not only by the express terms be- 

 fore mentioned, but also by a general 

 grant, without defining or limiting any 

 specific estate. Where estates are grant- 

 ed for the lives of others, and they absent 

 themselves seven years, and no proof is 

 made of their being in existence ; in any 

 action commenced for the recovery of 

 such tenements by the lessors or rever- 

 sioners, they shall be accounted as dead, 

 and the jury shall give their verdict ac- 

 cordingly ; (19 Charles II. c. (>.) and, on 

 application to the Chancellor, the party- 

 holding such estates may be compelled 

 to produce the persons on whose livei' 

 such estates depend. 



LIGAMENT, in anatomy, a strong 

 compact substance, serving to join two 

 bones together. 



A ligament is more flexible than a car- 

 tilage, not easily ruptured or torn, and 

 does not yield, or at least very little, 

 when pulled. 



LIGHT, is that principle or thing by 

 which objects are made perceptible to 

 our sense of seeing; or the sensation oc- 

 casioned in the mind by the view of lu~ 

 mi nous objects. The nature of light has 

 been a subject of speculation from the 

 first dawnings of philosophy. Some of 

 the earliest philosophers doubted whe- 

 ther objects became visible by means of 

 any thing proceeding from them, or frc 

 the eye of the spectator ; but this opini 

 was qualified by Empedoclcs and Plat 

 wh,o maintained, that vision wus occasloc. 



