MAN- 



Vapidly during the last century, in conse- 

 quence of the great improvements made 

 in them, and the introduction of many 

 new and beautiful wares, both for our 

 own vise and foreign markets. The arti- 

 cle of queen's- ware was invented in 

 1763, by Mr. J. Wedgewood, to whom 

 the public are also indebted for most of 

 those elegant species of ear th en ware and 

 porcelain which, moulded into a thousand 

 different forms for ornament or use, now 

 constitute the most valuable part of this 

 manufacture. The annual value will pro- 

 bably not be over-rated at 2,000,000/. and 

 the number of persons employed at 

 45,000. t 



The iron-manufacture is supplied part- 

 ly by the produce of our own mines, and 

 partly by those of other countries ; with 

 respect to the first, it appears that the 

 total produce of pig-iron in Britain is at 

 least 100,000 tons ; and reckoning on an 

 average, that 33 cwt. of crude iron pro- 

 duce one ton of bars, and that the manu- 

 facture of malleable iron amounts to 

 35,000 tons per annum, this branch will 

 require 57,750 tons of crude iron ; and 

 the value in bars, at 20/. a ton, which is 

 considerably under the present price, is 

 700,000/. the remaining 42,250 tons, cast 

 into cannon, cylinders, and machinery, 

 &c. at 141. a ton, are worth 591,500/. The 

 supply of foreign bar-iron is chiefly ob- 

 tained from Russia and Sweden ; and the 

 quantity imported on an average of six 

 years, ending with 1805, after deducting 

 what was re-exported, has been 33,628 

 tons, value 865,182^. which, with the sums 

 before mentioned, amount to 2,156,682/. 

 This value is greatly increased by subse- 

 quent labour: but the proportion of the 

 increase cannot be easily determined, the 

 quantity of labour being so very different 

 in different articles. Some years ago the 

 value of the iron manufacture was esti- 

 mated at 8,700,000/. which sum appears 

 rather too high at present; but including 

 tin and lead, the value of the whole 

 will probably not be taken too high at 

 10,000,000/. and, the number of persons 

 employed at 200,000. 



The copper and brass manufactures 

 are now established in this country in all 

 their branches. Till about the years 

 1720 or 1730, most of the copper and 

 brass utensils for culinary and other pur- 

 poses, used in this country, were import- 

 ed from Hamburgh and Holland, being 

 procured from the manufactories of Ger- 

 many ; even so late as the years 1745 and 

 1750, copper tea-kettles, saucepans, and 

 pots of all sizes, were imported here in 



large quantities ; but through the per- 

 severing industry, capitals, and enterpris- 

 ing spirit of our miners and manufactur- 

 ers, these imports have become totally- 

 unnecessary, the ai-ticles being now all 

 made here, and far better than any other 

 country can produce. The discovery of 

 new copper-mines in Cornwall, Derby- 

 shire, and Wales, about the year 1773, 

 contributed to the extension of the manu- 

 facture in this country ; and it appears to 

 be still increasing, notwithstanding the 

 very great advance in the price of copper, 

 which must certainly be attended with 

 some disadvantage with respect to foreign 

 markets. The value of wrought copper 

 and brass exported during the year 1799, 

 was 1,222,187/. and there is reason to be- 

 lieve, that the whole value of these manu- 

 factures at present is at least 3,600,OOOZ. 

 and the number of persons employed 

 about 60,000. The steel, plating, and 

 hardware manufactures, including the 

 toy trade, have been carried to a great 

 extent of late years, and may amount in 

 value to 4,000,000/. and the persons em- 

 ployed to at least 70,000. 



MANULEA, in botany, a genus of the 

 Didynamia Angiospermia class and order. 

 Natural order of Personatae. Pediculares, 

 Jussieu. Essential character: calyx five- 

 parted ; corolla with a five-parted, awl- 

 shaped border, the four upper segments 

 more connected ; capsule two-celled, 

 many-seeded. There are eighteen spe- 

 cies, mostly natives of the Cape of Good 

 Hope. 



MANURE. See AGHICUI/TUIIK. 



MAP, a plane figure representing the 

 surface of the earth, or some part of it : 

 being a projection of the globular surface 

 of the earth, exhibiting countries, seas, 

 rivers, mountains, cities, &.c. in their due 

 positions, or nearly so. 



Maps are either universal, or particu- 

 lar. Universal maps are such as exhibit 

 the whole surface of the earth, or the two- 

 hemispheres. Particular, or partial maps, 

 are those that exhibit some particular 

 region, or part of the earth. Both kinds 

 are usually called geographical, or land 

 maps, as distinguished from hydrographi- 

 cal, or sea maps, which represent only 

 the seas and sea-coasts, and are properly 

 called charts. 



Anaximander, it is said, about 400 years 

 before Christ, first invented geographical 

 tables, or maps. The Pentingerian tables, 

 published by Cornelius Pentinger of 

 Auesburgh, contain an itinerary of the 

 whole Roman Empire ; all places, except 

 seas, woods, and deserts., being laid clown 



