MAP. 



-and southern hemispheres. The fault of 

 this way of drawing maps is, that near 

 the outside the circles are too near one 

 another ; and, therefore, equal spaces on 

 the earth are represented by very unequal 

 spaces upon the map. 



Secondly. Another way is to project 

 the same hemispheres bj the rules of 

 stereograph ic projectiqn ; in which way, 

 all the parallels will be represented by 

 circles, and the meridians by circles or 

 right lines. And here the contrary fault 

 happens, viz. the circles towards the out- 

 sides are too far asunder, and about the 

 middle they are too near together. 



Thirdly. To remedy the faults of the 

 two former methods, proceed as follows : 

 1st. For the eastern and western hemi- 

 spheres, describe the circle P E N Q for 

 the meridian (Plate Maps, fig. 1.) or plane 

 of projection ; through the centre of 

 which draw the equinoctial, E Q, and 

 axis, PN, perpendicular to it, making P 

 and N the north and south pole. Divide 

 the quadrants PE, EN, N Q, and Q P, 

 into 9 equal parts, each representing 10 

 degrees, begianing at the equinoctial 

 E Q : divide also C P and C N into 9 equal 

 parts, beginning at E Q ; and through the 

 corresponding points draw the parallels 

 of latitude. Again, divide C E and C Q 

 into 9 equal parts; and through the points 

 of division, and the two poles P and N, 

 draw circles, or rather ellipss, for the 

 meridians. So shall the map be prepared 

 to receive the several places and countries 

 of the earth. 2dly. For the north or 

 south hemisphere, draw A Q B E, for the 

 equinoctial (fig. 2). dividing it into the 

 four quadrants E A, A Q, Q B, and 15 E ; 

 and each quadrant into 9 equal parts, 

 representing each 10 degrees of longi- 

 tude ; and then, from the points of divi- 

 sion, draw lines to the centre, C, for the 

 circles of longitude. Divide any circle of 

 Pbngitude, as the first meridian, E C, into 

 9 equal parts, and through these points 

 describe circles from the centre, C, for 

 the parallels of latitude ; numbering them 

 as in the figure. 



In this third method equal spaces on 

 the earth are represented by equal spaces 

 on the map, as near as any projection will 

 bear; fur a spherical surface can no way 

 be represented exactly upon a plane. 

 Then the several countries of the world, 

 seas, islands, sea-coasts, towns, Sec. are to 

 be entered in the map, according to their 

 latitudes and longitudes. 



In filling up the map, all places repre- 

 senting land are tilled with such things as 

 the countries contain; but the seas are 



left white ; the shores adjoining to the sea 

 being shaded. Rivers are marked by 

 strong lines, or by double lines, drawn 

 winding in form of the rivers they repre- 

 sent ; and small rivers are expressed by 

 small lines. Different countries are best 

 distinguished by different colours, or at 

 least the borders of them. Forests are 

 represented by trees ; and mountains 

 shaded to make them appear. Sands are 

 denoted by small points or specks ; and 

 rocks under water by a small cross. In 

 any void space, draw the manner's com- 

 pass, with the 32 points or winds. 



To draw a J\'Iap of any particular Coun- 

 try. First. For this purpose its extent 

 must be known, as to latitude and longi- 

 tude ; a* suppose Spain, lying between the 

 north latitudes 36 and 44, and extending 

 from 10 to 23 degrees of longitude ; so 

 that its extent from north to south is 8 

 degrees, and from east to west 13 <ie 

 grees. Draw the line A B for a meridian 

 passing through the middle of the coun- 

 try (fig. 3.), on which set off 8 degrees 

 from B to A, taken from any convenient 

 scale ; A being the north, and B the 

 south point. Through A and B drasv 

 the perpendiculars CD, EF, for the ex- 

 treme parallels of latitude. Divide A 1> 

 into 8 parts, or degrees, through which 

 draw the other parallels of latitude, paral- 

 lel to the former. For the meridians, 

 divide any degree in A B into 60 equa'i 

 parts, or geographical miles. Then, 

 since the length of a degree in each para! 

 lei decreases towards the pole, from the 

 laMe, Art. LONGITUDE, showing t)iL< 

 decrease, take the number of miles as. 

 swering to the latitude of B, which is 48 -i 

 nearly, and set it from B, 7 times to F,, 

 and 6 times to F; so is E F divided into 

 degrees. Again, from the same table 

 take the number of miies of a degree i;: 

 the latitude A, viz. 431 nearly ; which set 

 oft', from A, 7 times to C, and 6 times to 

 1). Then from the points of division ir: 

 the line CD, to the corresponding points 

 in the line E F, draw so many right lines 

 for the meridians. Number the degrees, 

 of latitude up both sides of the map, aud 

 the degrees ot longitude on the top and 

 bottom. Also, in some vacant place, 

 make a scale of miles, or of degrees, 5*" 

 the map represent u large part of the 

 earth, to serve for finding the distances 

 of places upon the map. 



Then make the proper divisions and 

 subdivisions of the country: and having- 

 the latitudes and longitudes of the prin- 

 cipal places, it will be easy to set them 

 d'own in tiie map : for any town, &c. MM is*. 







