44 



considerable time, and whether the superintendent be capable or inca- 

 pable of making- them, he will scarcely be able to spare the time which 

 ought to be devoted to them. 



Any of the graduates of our agricultural or other colleges who have 

 taken a good course of chemistry, with laboratory practice, can by a 

 few mouths' special training in sugar chemistry and practice in sugar 

 analysis become entirely competent to do the work required in the or- 

 dinary operation of a factory, under the direction of the superintendent. 



HOW TO MAKE THE ANALYSES NECESSARY IN THE SUGAR FACTORY. 



It is hoped that the following discussion of the methods of making 

 sugar analyses will be of interest to some who may engage in such 

 work, and throw some light on the subject for the general reader. For 

 fuller discussions of the subject, the reader is referred to Tucker's 

 Sugar Analysis, and the bulletins of the Chemical Division, U". S. De- 

 partment of Agriculture. 



It is well to remember here, that on account of the sugar and other 

 substances dissolved in it cane juice is denser than water. Thus, if 9 

 pounds of water and 1 pound of sugar be mixed together the water will 

 dissolve the sugar, and any given volume of the mixture, say a pint, will 

 weigh one and four-hundredths times as much as a pint of water. ' Take 

 another illustration : A gallon of water weighs about 8J pounds, while 

 a gallon of the above supposed sugar solution weighs about 8| pounds. 

 If a sugar solution be made, containing 20 per cent, of its weight in 

 sugar, a gallon of it will weigh about 9 pounds. A gallon of a solution 

 of equal parts by weight of sugar and water weighs about 10J pounds, 

 and sirups containing three parts sugar to one of water weigh about 

 11J pounds to the gallon. 



THE HYDROMETER OR SACCHARIMETER. 



Instruments called hydrometers or saccharimeters have been made 

 for determining the relative amounts of sugar and water in solutions. 

 These would be sufficiently accurate for the purposes of the manufact- 

 urer if the juice contained nothing but cane sugar and water ; but the 

 grape sugar and other substances contained in the juice increase the 

 density in about the same proportion as i t is increased by the cane sugar. 

 While, therefore, the hydrometer is of use in determining the amount 

 of solid matter contained in the juice, and may be used in some cases, 

 as in determining the degree of extraction, etc., it does not determine 

 the relative proportions of the substances present. 



TWO METHODS OF ANALYSIS. 



Two methods of determining the percentage of cane sugar in a sample 

 of juice are available. These are the chemical and the optical. By the 



