PRACTICAL RESULTS 11 



Culecines were abolished, with the result that 

 malaria and all other fevers have disappeared, except 

 for an occasional case of typhoid. Now mosquito 

 nets are not necessary at Ismailia. Then, in 1905, 

 at New Orleans, measures against yellow fever were 

 adopted, and Stegomyia and all domestic species 

 dealt with during an epidemic of that disease ; this 

 campaign has been fully reported by Sir Rubert 

 Boyce. But before this, Colonel Gorgas and Dr. Mal- 

 colm Watson began their famous sanitary campaigns 

 against all species of mosquitos in the Panama Canal 

 Zone, and at Klang and Port Swettenham respec- 

 tively; the former is reported in The Times, by Sir 

 Harry Johnstone, April 17, 1909, and by Dr. Osier 

 in The Lancet of October 26, 1909, and the latter in 

 Dr. Watson's book " The Prevention of Malaria in 

 the Federated Malay States." The city of Rio de 

 Janeiro was made healthy by freeing it from malaria 

 and yellow fever the annual sanitary budget in- 

 creasing from 40,000 to 680,000 ; Santos in Brazil 

 has been dealt with similarly (de Cruz, The Times, 

 December 28, 1909). In addition to these, successful 

 campaigns have been carried on against either one 

 or both of these diseases at the following places : 

 British and Spanish Honduras, in the Philippines, 

 Jamaica, Antigua, Mauritius, and in Southern 

 Nigeria. In Italy, Greece, and in Algeria mosquito 

 reduction is being conducted in various places. Even 

 India, where the original discovery which has led to 

 these great sanitary reforms was made, is now, after 

 ten years' thought, more seriously considering the 



