11 



place in their arrangement in connection with the development 

 of the wings and the disappearance of the stigmata. To this I 

 shall refer again in chapter V. 



Just before the first moult white spots glimmer through the 

 skin, some of which will grow into secondary bristles (scoli) and 

 others are destined to become the white warts which are the 

 cause of the j>attern. 



The starting point of these secondary bristles does not coincide 

 with that of the primary ones (I.e. p. 110 and fig. 14, PI. 3), 

 very often they are median and consequently unpaired, which is 

 never the case with the primary ones (See PI. 1, fig. 1). 



The pattern of the caterpillar often passes on to the pupa, the 

 cuticular pigments disappear and the subcuticular ones remain 

 (l.c. p. 231). 



la contradistinction to WEisMJOnr, MClleb (I.e. p. 232) says 

 that the new characteristics which have ap|)eared during the larval 

 stage are shifted on to the pupal stage and the other way about. 



With each moult the scoli of the Nymphalinae get more and 

 more intricate. He calls them after the line on which their base 

 is fixed. In an appendix MCller mentions the observations on 

 the origin of the scoli known up to that time (1. c. p. 250), and 

 also shows that the pattern of the primary hairs is found again 

 in other families. He then says: 



Spines arise: 



1. As independent elevations, without any relation to setiferous 

 warts: horns of the Xymphalidae, pseudo-spines of Caligo and 

 DatMis, gills of Cataclysta and Paraponyx. 



2. By transformation of warts bearing bristles ; viz. : 



a. Of the warts of primary bristles, probably the most common 

 method (forked tail of the Satyridae, pseudo-spines of the Papi- 

 lionidae, spines of the Saturniadae, tail-horn of the Sphingidae). 



h. Of the warts of the secondary bristles (spines of the Nym- 

 phalinae). 



The biological meaning of the spines cannot be for defence 

 against caterpillareaters (1, c. p. 93), for caterpillars with large 



