62 



If we try to find whether this ZYGENOID SERIES possesses a 

 definite characteristic, we see that except the Epipyrtdae^ which live 

 as parasites (Fracker 1915, p. 96), the families are characterized by 

 verrucae which sometimes grow out to scoli and which sometimes 

 disappear entirely. These verrucae are mostly grown together, 

 80 that a pattern arises strongly resembling that, which I have 

 called type la. From this it differs in some respects, so that no 

 direct descent of the Saturnidae from these Zygaenoidae can be 

 assumed, but only a parallel development of the pattern. 



Family Zygaenidae. Fracker (1915) no statement. In Kallen- 

 bach's collection there are many species represented by larvae 

 which, however, are all fullgrown. 



The striking spots do not take origin from the verrucae. On 

 the abdomen are : v. dorsalis (grown together with v. subdormlis ?) 

 V. suprastigmalis, v. infrapitigmalis (united with v. poststigmalis?) 

 V. haaalis. The pigmental spots which occur oftenest are: 1st a 

 spot mediad of v. dorsalis^ 2nd one in front of it, 3>'d one behind 

 it, 4th one behind the stigma, 5th one between v. infrastigmalis 

 and t\ hasalis. These spots may be doubled, they may also grow 

 together so that they develop into stripes. 



The examination of these caterpillars in the youngest instars might 

 prove important. They are closely connected with the Microlepidpp- 

 tera, viz. with the ZYGENOID SERIES of the NON-ACULEATA. 



Bomhycinae. 



This gigantic group of caterpillars has been studied in detail 

 by Packard, (1895, 1905, 1915). It is very much to be regretted 

 that through his death the third part of his work has not been com- 

 pleted; the writer would probably have added a general synopsis. 

 All we have now is the very interesting introduction which 

 preceeds volume I and which was written without the experience 

 obtained during his study of the enormous material. His work 

 is the only monograph on caterpillars known to me in which all 

 or many instars of nearly all kinds of caterpillars have been 

 described and figured. The magnified setal pattern mostly has 



