63 



been drawn next to them as a separate figure. I think that wo 

 owe this for a great part to Dyar. 



Packard's classification is most easily studied from his: "genea- 

 logical tree of Lepidoptera" (1895, p. 83). He thinks all the 

 Honihycinae descend from the Lithoaiidae, and these from the 

 Tineina. The Sphingidctf descend like the Saturniidae from the 

 Ceratocampidae. This classification so far concurs with that of 

 IIandi.irsch (1008). This writer also places the families mentioned 

 in close contact, but thinks they have developed from different 

 ancestors. Against Packard's opinion may be adduced, that the 

 Bombycidae — Satuniidae^ the Sphingidae, the Lithosiidae have all 

 been found for the first time in the beginning of the Caenozoicum, 

 just as the Xoctuidae, the fteometridae,' the Hesj>eri)ine and the 

 Papilionidae s. 1., which according to Packard have all des- 

 cended with more or less intermediate groups from the Litho- 

 siidae and which for the greater part form the extreme branches 

 of his genealogical tree. In 1905 (p. 46) Packard gives another 

 classification which is slightly different but yet in principle the 

 Siime. lie thinks the Xotodontidae descend from the Thyatiridae, 

 which Handlirsch places next to the Hesperidiie. This clashes 

 with the palaeontological data, the Notodontidae are the youngest 

 family and are only known from the Quartair. 



The series of Packard's families is: (according to 1905, p. 46) 

 Xotodontidae, Ceratocampidae, Satumiidae, Hemileucidae, Sphin- 

 gidae and Cerncinae as Syssphingina, opposed to which are 

 the Symbombycina with Dataninae, Apatelodinae, Euptero- 

 tidae, Ichthyurinae, Liparidae, Lasiocampidae, Endromidae, Bom- 

 bycidae and Brahmaeidae. 



I have arranged the families according to Packard and wish 

 to point out Hajidlirsch's series: Bombycidae — Saturniidae, 

 Lasiocampidae, Sphingidae, Liparidae, Xotodontidae. At the end 

 of this discussion I shall return to this subject. 



Family I. Xotodontidae. This large family contains seven subfami- 

 lies, of which according to Packard (1895) some (the first four) are 



