no 



There are many secondary setae, sometimes in tufts or pencils. 



It seems to me that as full-fed larvae most kinds possess a 

 homogeneous distribution of the setae. 



The verrucae of Tkestor halhis F. (coll. Kall.) I consider to 

 be r. dorsalis^ v. infrastigmalis^ v. hasalis. 



Family Piendae. 



Although these insects are very numerous and have long ser- 

 ved for investigations (even SwaMmerdam directed his attention 

 to F. hrassicae)^ still opinions differ a great deal concerning them. 



J. F. VAN Bemmelen confined himself in 1912 to a comparison 

 between the pattern of a full-grown caterpillar of P. hrassicae and the 

 pupae of various Piendae, Vanessa spec, and Papilionidae and found 

 patterns which harmonized fairly well (compare chap. Ill and YII). 



Forbes (1910?) thinks, according to Fracker (p. 136) that 

 the chalazae — large spots bearing the setae — have come from 

 primary hairs. 



Fracker (1915, p. 136) denies this. 



Buckler (1886, Part I p. 148 sqq. IM. II sqq.) gives long 

 descriptions of various Piendae, with illustrations of different instars. 



Very conspicuous is on PI. Ill fig. 16. P. daplidice, which also 

 by HiiBNER (1786,. Vol. I) has been represented as possessing a 

 setal pattern just like that of P. hrassicae in instar /. 



The only one, who as far as I know, has occupied himself 

 with a similar investigation about the ontogenesis of the chalazae, 

 is Froiiawk (1914). It is a pity that this careful study will 

 probably be unattainable for most entomologists. 



Frohawk also draws this caterpillar, but in the last instar sub- 

 stitutes this primary pattern by a homogeneous distribution of 

 the setae. Probably the first-mentioned writers have studied a 

 younger instar or elsewise have met with deviating individuals 

 keeping the old pattern. 



HoRSFiELD and Moore give (1857, Vol. I, PI. I, fig. 13, 14) 

 a similar drawing of Pieris eucharis Drury and P. helisama Cramer. 



Sharp gives (1901, II p. 358) a drawing of Euchloe cardamines 

 instar I with bifurcated glandular hairs in the primitive arrange- 



