119 



tho scoli are formed from socondary setae, placed between _tho 

 primary ones (c. f. Chapt. II and my PI. I, fig. 1). 



For this large group I refer to Wkismann's studies (187(5) and 

 to \\. MCllkk (1886). Where this family is concerned, Fkackkh 

 (li)15) follows W. MCllkk, but thinks that the expressions mudio- 

 dorsal, subdorsal etc. can be applied exclusively to ''secondary" 

 stu)li and even then only when they are placed in one transverse 

 row. This clashes with MCli.kr's own ideas (I.e. p. 250). 



The pattern of the primary setae is Type I on the abdomen. 

 Type II on the thorax. I was only able to examine V^anessa 

 urtieae in instar I. This specimen already possesses scoli and 

 secondary setae. 



As I have cited in Chapt. II MCller's ideas on the Ni/m- 

 pluUUUte^ I do not describe this caterpillar any further, but refer 

 to ^1. V, fig. 14,15, where instar / and abdominal segment 5 of 

 the full-grown caterpillar are figured. I would rather draw 

 attention to the pattern of the pupa which van Bemmelkx 

 (1912) described. There is a small spine on the place of «c. (/o/'»rt/w, 

 and pigmental spots agreeing with sc. (lorsolateralis (which is not 

 developed on the abdomen of the caterpillar) 8C. suprmtigmaliSj 

 sc, infrastigtnalis, sc. basalis, sc. pedalis. 



Family Papilionidae. 



In 1884 Gruber described the larvae of the Swallowtail 

 butterflies, instar /. To this paper too little attention has been 

 paid by Schulze (1912), Fracker (1915) and others. 



Gruber had a complete material of Papilio asterias^ P. turniis, 

 P. troilusj P. ajax^ P. philetwr at his disposal. All these cater- 

 pillars agree with each other in the fact that during instar / they 

 possess verrucae with many setae, which in P. ajax are bifurcated, 

 but in the others terminate in a knob. In P. philenor the tubercles 

 bear only one seta. 



During the ontogenesis these verrucae become smaller and at 

 last are replaced by colour-spots, as can be distinctly seen in 

 P. asterias. As far as I am able to see the arrangement on the 



