128 



morphology, yet I think I am allowed to oppose Lameere's opinion 

 (1900, p. 623) to his, viz. that the hypodermis is entirely renewed 

 by histolysis. Besides the colour-pattern of the pupae cannot be a 

 simple copy of the larval pattern. 



J. F. VAN Bemmelen (1912, p. Ill — 117), has observed that the 

 hypodermic pigment has also a morphological importance and he 

 succeeded in demonstrating, that the same pattern exists on the pupae 

 of Pieris brassicae, Aporia crataegi and Euchloe cardamines^ and 

 that this pattern agrees to a great extent with that of Papilio machaon 

 and Vanet^sa urticae and V. to. The caterpillars of these butterflies 

 differ a great deal in their pattern. Van Bemmelen thought, that a 

 great resemblance was to be remarked between the pupal markings 

 and the larval pattern of Pieris brassicae. He took this to be 

 the colour-pattern of the once movable chrysalis. 



(Jn this idea I have based my investigations. In the main I agree 

 with van Bemmelen's opinions, with this restriction however, that 

 I should not compare the pattern of the pupae with that of a full- 

 grown caterpillar of Pieris brassicae^ but with the pattern of instar I. 



In chapter VI I have shown that the colour-pattern of Pieris 

 brassicae and that of P. tiajn instar J, closely resemble that of the 

 pupa. Compared with the last larval instar of the first species a reduc- 

 tion of the number of pigment spots has taken place, with that of the 

 last mentioned on the contrary, a strong accrescence of the number. 



This is a convincing proof of the inexactness of the statement 

 that the pupal pattern should be a simple copy of existing hypo- 

 dermal pigment. 



J. F. VAN Bemmelen demonstrated the same pattern on the 

 pupae of different Pieridae, Papilionidae and Vanessa spec. In 

 this article I have given further details for many families. The 

 arrangement of the verrucae on the pupae of Ocneria dispar and 

 Orgyia antiqua is also the same. Swammerdam already indicated 

 this last fact {Biblia Naturae, 1737) and Poulton (1890, p. 193) 

 also called attention to it. 



Quail described (1900, p. 416, PI. V) the pupae of Porina 

 cervinata Walk. (Hepialidae) and showed here the same setal 



