131 



Bkaukr dovoted some articles to tho larvae of Pa nor pa com- 

 Munin (1851, 1852, 1863). He found that the larvae bear setae 

 in instar /, later on verrucae. According to the figures, on all 

 the segments three setae «)cour arranged in a row above the 

 stigma. The arningement of the verrucae cannot be clearly seen 

 in his figures. It is certain that rerrucne occur (braune hornige 

 Warzen) with rather short setae. 



Felt (1895) described the Si'oi'pionfiirs^ but in his work the 

 setal pattern is not very distinctly indicatwl either. In connection 

 with the fact that there are verrucae on the Eriocephalidous larvae 

 and also on numerous other families, one would almost be inclined 

 to consider the verrucae as being primary. The simple setae of 

 the higher families might in that case be taken to be a secon- 

 dary characteristic. The disappearance of the verrucae on the 

 PapilioHuiae, the Bamhycidae^ the Kttdrotnidae and the Brah- 

 maeidae could then be used as an argument in this direction. 

 However, it seems to me that this hypothesis should not be ac- 

 cepted. As far as I can judge, the verrucae in all the families 

 are formed from simple setae. The verrucae of the Eriocephulidae 

 differ too much to be a strong proof of the hypothesis and they 

 take origin from single setae; the disappearance of the warts 

 in the three above-mentioned families of the SYMBOMBY- 

 CI DAE is easily explained as a reduction of the verrucae by the 

 development of a homogeneous setal cover. It is the same with 

 the Acronyctinae and the Papilionidae. In spite of Chapman's 

 statement (1902) I consider the verrucae of the first instar to 

 be rudiments of scoli which formerly were more strongly developed. 

 Dyar (1894) thought that the setal pattern of the Tenthredidae 

 was the ancestral pattern of the Lepido^dera. This writer adheres 

 to the monophyletic origin of all the Holometabola. There are nine 

 setae on either side of an abdominal segment and they are placed 

 in three rows each containing three, of which the middle one is right 

 over the stigma. He supposes, that in Lepidoptera the first of 

 these rows has disappeared, except perhaps s. prostigmalisj the 

 second row should agree with s. dorsah's, s. dorsolateralis and 



