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s. snprastigmalis. S. suhdorsalis sup. and inf., as well as s. post- 

 stigmalis might perhaps be derived from the last row. Such an 

 explanation seems to me a little farfetched; besides the anato- 

 mical differences between the Hymenoptera and the Lepidoptera 

 are too great to accept such a near relationship between these 

 orders. Neither do the palaeontological data harmonize with 

 Dyar's opinion. 



At present several writers defend a nearer relationship of the 

 Lejndoptera with the Neuroptera, amongst others Chapman (1896) 

 and DE Meyere (1916). With Handlirsch, I believe that the 

 palaeontological data do not agree with this hypothesis. I could 

 not get any proper data about the larvae of the Neuroptera. 

 According to the figures in the manuals the larvae have very 

 different forms; some are naked, others are covered with long 

 setae. The arrangement also seems to be very different (Oudemans 

 1897, p. 317—323). 



The figures of the Trichoptera, the caddice. worms, are much 

 better. Siltala (1907) studied them accurately. In this order 

 also there appears a secondary augmentation of the setae during 

 the ontogenesis. In the first instar the setae of the larvae are 

 only very sparse. He could not find an agreement with the setal 

 pattern of the Lepidoptera and by studying his figures I came 

 to the same conclusion. The pupae are sometimes also covered 

 with setae and some larvae (e, g. Hydrojisyche) bear verrucae, 

 though mostly simple setae. 



As the Trichopterous larvae have certainly undergone profound 

 secondary modifications, I think that too much value must not 

 be attached to the arrangement and form of their setae, though 

 they belong to the Panorpoidea and though Chapman (1896 c) 

 associates the Phryganeidae and the Micropterygidae together. 



Although I do not believe that the Coleoptera and the Lepido- 

 ptera are closely related, I still think it necessary for the sake 

 of completeness to conipare the setal pattern of Jjeptinotarsa 

 with that of the Lepidoptera, 



The classical investigations by Tower (1906) have drawn great 



