134 



patterns belong to different evolutionary rows, I can refer to pg. 137 

 and 139 where I have stated the same opinion. The pattern itself 

 comes back in different families (1. c. p. 75) and de Meijere is of 

 opinion that this has been caused by parallel evolution, whereas 

 I am convinced that generally spread patterns are phylogenetically 

 old ones. 



On p. 132—138 de Meijere discusses the colour pattern of 

 the abdomen of Lepidopterom imagines. He agrees with J. F. van 

 Bemmelen in considering the spotted ones as primitive. 



De Meijere (1, c. p. 136 — 143) compares the larval pattern with 

 the pupal one. He states the fact that the colour first appears at 

 the bases of the sensory setae (Sinnes-borsten) e. g. on Diloba, 

 Zeuzera, Hydroecia^ Pieris instar /, Abraxas. The last mentioned 

 species is highly interesting as Schroder (1894) says that the 

 stripes appear first, (see p. 20) 



So far I agree with de Meijere. This writer however rejects 

 the hypothesis of the primary pattern of Lepidopteroiis pupae, 

 and liis chief argument is that the Neuroptera are the common 

 ancestors, from which the Trichoptera, Panorpata, Diptera and 

 Lepidoptera were diflFerentiated, after having acquired the holo- 

 metabolism. All these primitive forms and also the lower Lejn- 

 doptera, as e. g. Micropteryx^ have but slightly coloured pupae, 

 which live hidden in the earth or in cocoons. 



I refer in the first place to Handlirsch and in the second 

 instance I think that in the foregoing pages I have given several 

 proofs of my thesis, that the pattern of pigment spots is the same as 

 the setal pattern. This setal pattern however is widely spread 

 amongst the uncoloured pupae, and so I suppose that this setal 

 pattern (type I) is an old phylogenetical one, and that the pigment 

 spots, in larvae as well as in pupae, follow this arrangement. The 

 pupae of the Rhopalocera are secondary in so far as they have lost 

 the setae, but have only retained the pigment spots. The pupae 

 which have become immovable and therefore often remain in the 

 earth or in a cocoon, have secondarily lost the pigment, but have 

 often preserved the setae. 



