34 PARTHENOGENESIS IN SOME 



Psyche Helix during its period of pupation, we find the pupa in 

 the lower whorl of the case, with its anterior extremity directed 

 upwards, and its hinder extremity downwards towards the 

 attached lower aperture. Between this and the extremity of the 

 abdomen of the pupa, the shrivelled skin of the caterpillar stripped 

 off in its last change of skin is always fixed, so that this cater- 

 pillar, like all the caterpillars of the Psychida, turns itself round 

 in the sac before the true pupation. In all the sacs of Psyche 

 Helix in the pupa state, hitherto examined by me, of which I 

 have had the opportunity of observing more than a hundred and 

 fifty within seven years, I never found any but a female pupa. 

 This is motionless, of a yellowish-brown colour, and with very 

 indistinct segments ; it presents a body which is slightly dimi- 

 nished in front, and gently curved in a spiral form corresponding 

 with the lower spiral whorl of the sac (fig. 5). 



The wingless and almost footless female moth which is evolved 

 from this pupa, also appears slightly curved in a spiral (figs. 8, 9). 

 Its colour is grey, with a very slight brown tint on the back of 

 the three thoracic segments. The anterior extremity of the body 

 is somewhat narrowed ; the exantennate head, which is strongly 

 bent downwards, exhibits very indistinct and quite abortive oral 

 organs ; and on each side of it two dark pigment-spots are per- 

 ceptible, which however contain no eye-facets. The abdomen 

 is sparingly beset with white hairs. The varicose urinary vessels 

 shine through the skin of the body here and there with a whitish- 

 yellow colour, as does also the violet ventral chain of ganglia. 

 The movements of these females of Psyche are extremely sluggish, 

 and the six little feet of the three thoracic segments, which are in 



Pezomachus cursitans, Gr., from Psyche graminella, Ochs. 



geochares, Forst., from Fumea nitidella. 



pedestris, Gr,, from Psyche calvella and Fumea nitidella. 



1 nov. sp. from Psyche calvella. 



2 nov. sp. from Psyche calvella. 



Phygadeuon tenuipes, Gr., (?) from Fumea nitidella. 

 Pimpla annulicornis, Rtzb., from Psyche graminella. 



examinator, Gr., from Psyche graminella, Fumea betulina and niti- 

 della. 



scanica, Gr., from Psyche calvella and Fumea nitidella. 



Pteromalus Zelleri, Rtzb., from Fumea nitidella. 



