HUMAN PHYSIOGNOMY. 293 



seen in children, and more frequently in women than in men. The 

 length of the arms would appear to have grown less in compar- 

 atively recent times. Thus the humerus in most of the Greek 

 statues, including the Apollo Belvidere, is longer than those of 

 modern Europeans, according to a writer in the '^Bulletin de la 

 Societe d' Anthropologic " of Paris, and resembles more nearly that 

 of the modern Nubians than any other people. This is a quad- 

 rumanous approximation. The miserably developed calves of 

 many of the savages of Australia, Africa, and America, are well 

 known. The fine swelling gastrocnemius and soleus muscles char- 

 acterize the highest races, and are most remote from the slender 

 shanks of the monkeys. The gluteus muscles developed in the 

 lower races as well as in the higher, distinguish them well from 

 the monkeys with their flat posterior outline. 



It must be borne in mind that the quadrumanous indications 

 are found in the lower classes of the most developed races. The 

 status of a race or family is determined by the percentage of its 

 individuals who do and do not present the features in question. 

 Some embryonic characters may also appear in individuals of any 

 race, as a consequence of special circumstances. Such are, how- 

 ever, as important to the physiognomist as the more normal vari- 

 ations. 



Some of these features have a purely physical significance, but 

 the majority of them are, as already remarked, intimately con- 

 nected with the development of the mind, as an effect or necessary 

 coincidence. I will examine these relations in a future article. 



