342 THE STRUCTURAL EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION. 



No elbow-joint ; carpals discoid, and with the digits separated by cartilage ; lower 



jaw without ascending ramus 3. Cetacea, 



An elbow-joint ; carpals and phalanges m ith normal articulations ; lower jaw with 



ascending ramus 4. Sirenia. 



j8^. Anterior limbs with flexible joints and distinct digits ; ungual pha- 

 langes not compressed and acute at apex* (Ungulata f). 

 y. Tarsal bones in linear series ; carpals generally in linear series. 



Limbs ambulatory ; teeth with enamel 5. Taxeojxxla.X 



77. Tarsal series alternating; carpal series linear. 

 Cuboid bone partly supporting navicular, not in contact with astragalus . 6. Prohoscidia. 



777. Both tarsal and carpal series more or less alternating. 

 Os magnum not supporting scaphoides ; cuboid supporting astragalus ; superior 



molars tritubercular 7. Arahlijpoda. 



Os magnum supporting scaphoides ; superior molars quadritubercular * 



8. Diplarthra,\ 

 /3/3j3. Anterior limbs with flexible joints. Ungual phalanges compressed 

 and pointed-^ (Unguiculata). 

 e. Teeth without enamel; no incisors. 



Limbs not volant; hemispheres small, smooth 9. Edentata. 



66. Teeth with enamel ; incisors present. 

 No postglenoid process ; mandibular condyle round ; limbs not volant ; hemispheres 



small, smooth 10. Rodentia. 



Limbs volant ; hemispheres small, smooth 11. Chiroptera. 



* Except the Ilapalidse. f Lamarck, "Zoologie Philosophique," 1809. 



X This order has the following suborders, whose association is now made for the 

 first time : 



Carpal series linear ; no intermedium ; fibula not interlocking with astragalus ; no 



anapophyses ; incisors rooted ; hallux not opposable. Condylartha. 



Carpal series linear ; an intermedium ; fibula interlocking with astragalus ; hallux 



not opposable Hyracoidea. 



An intermedium ; fibula not interlocking ; anapophyses ; hallux opposable ; incisors 



growing from persistent pulps Dauhentonoidea. 



An intermedium ; fibula not interlocking ; anapophyses; hallux opposable ; incisors 



rooted ; carpus generally linear Qiiadt^mana. 



No intermedium ; * nor anapophyses ; carpal rows alternating ; incisors rooted 



A nthropoidea.\ 

 The only difference between the Taxeopoda and the Bunotheria is in the unguli- 

 form terminal phalanges of the former as compared with the clawed or unguiculate 

 form in the latter. The marmosets among the former division are, however, fur- 

 nished with typical claws. 



Some may prefer to use the term Primates in place of Taxeopoda, and such may 

 be the better course. 



* Except Pantolestes. 



II This order includes the suborders Pcrissodactyla and Artiodactyla. It is the 

 Ungulata of some authors. 

 ^ Except Mesonyx. 



* Except in Sijnia and Hylobates. t Includes the Anthropoid apes and man. 



