384 METAPHYSICAL EYOLUTION". 



the process be discovery, or the enlargement of knowledge, many 

 experiences (or hypotheses) will be successiyely encountered and 

 tested, and appropriate generalizations reached (inductions). If 

 the process be to accomplish the practical ends of life by use of 

 well-known means, the intellect uses the customary rules of action 

 as standards, be they moral or mechanical, financial or political, 

 and attains its deductions and applications. These two types of 

 intellect are strikingly distinct, and produce the most diverse con- 

 sequences. The inductive type is the most generalized, and hence 

 callable of the largest growth and adaptability, and the widest 

 range of thought. The deductive is the more specialized, the 

 more ^^ practical," but less capable of growth or general thought. 

 Its most remarkable exhibitions are seen in the skill with which 

 some men conduct the game of chess, and corresponding enter- 

 prises in real life. Also the ingenuity of mechanical invention, 

 and the wonderful rapidity of calculation which some minds dis- 

 play. In intellectual as in many other vital phenomena, the facil- 

 ity once developed, the active process is often unaccompanied by 

 consciousness in many or even all of its stages. 



Rapid and exact control of the muscles in obeying the direc- 

 tions of the mind is essential to the practice of many arts, espe- 

 cially to that of the musician. This accomplishment is acquired 

 through the medium of the conscious mind, and may be regarded 

 simply as the reflex of impressions made on the senses directed by 

 some simple rule which has been impressed on the memory. The 

 often surprising results involve the exercise of a very simj^le phase 

 of intellection. 



The appearance of the rational faculties in time, may be esti- 

 mated by their relative development in the existing divisions of 

 animals whose period of origin is known or inferred. The ani- 

 mal mind is capable of simple forms of induction and deduction, 

 and sometimes acquires considerable artistic skill. Bees, ants and 

 spiders display these in varying degrees, and their antiquity is 

 probably co-extensive with that of the known sedimentary rocks. 

 The supposed Ascidian ancestors of the Vertebrata, and even the 

 lowest vertebrate (Branchiostoma), display far less intelligence than 

 the articulates mentioned, which are really lower in the scale of 

 organic types. From such unpromising sources did the noble verte- 

 brate line descend. It is probable that the inductive act preceded 

 by a little the deductive in time, as it does in logical order. But 

 the elaboration of these powers was doubtless long delayed ; for 



