ON AROH^STHETISM. 411 



this point the Darwinian is on the same footing as the old-time 

 Creationist. The latter says God made the variations, and the 

 Darwinian says that they came by chance. Between these posi- 

 tions science can perceive nothing to choose. 



I have attempted to explain the relation which non-adaptive 

 structures bear to the theory of use and effort, in the following 

 language : * 



*' The complementary diminution of growth-nutrition follows 

 the excess of the same in a new locality or organ, of necessity, if 

 the whole amount of which an animal is capable be, as I believe 

 [for the time being], fixed. In this way are explained the cases 

 of retardation of character seen in most higher types. The dis- 

 covery of truly complementary parts is a matter of nice observation 

 and experiment. Perhaps the following cases may be correctly ex- 

 plained. 



'^ A complementary loss of growth-force may be seen in the ab- 

 sence of superior incisor teeth and digits in ruminating Mammalia, 

 where excessive force is evidently expended in the development of 

 horns, and complication of stomach and digestive organs. The 

 excess devoted to the latter region may account for the lack of 

 teeth at its anterior orifice, the mouth ; otherwise, there appears 

 to be no reason why the ruminating animals should not have the 

 superior incisors as well developed as in the odd-toed (Perisso- 

 dactyl) Ungulates, many of which graze and browse. The loss to 

 the osseous system in the subtraction of digits may be made up in 

 the development of horns and horn-cores, the horn sheath being 

 perhaps the complement of the lost hoofs. It is not proposed to 

 assert that similar parts or organs are necessarily and in all groups 

 complementary to each other. The horse has the bones of the 

 feet still further reduced than the ox, and is nevertheless without 

 horns. The expenditure of the complementary growth-force may 

 be sought elsewhere in this animal. The lateral digits of the 

 EquidcB are successively retarded in their growth, their redaction 

 being marked in Hippotlierium, the last of the three-toed horses ; 

 it is accompanied by an almost coincident acceleration in the 

 growth-nutrition of the middle toe, which thus appears to be com- 

 plementary to them." 



* "Method of Creation," p. 23, ISTl. 



