102 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY; 



ORDER Urticaccoe. 

 Nettles, Urtica dioica, waste places and roadsides. European. 



Rich- weed or Clear- weed, Pilea pumila, grows in cool, moist shady 

 places in old gardens. 



Cannabis sativa, Hemp, waste places, roadsides, etc. Abundant at 

 Newburyport. 



Sweet Fern, Comptonia asplenifolia, pastures and roadsides. 



ORDER Salicacese. Willow Family. 



There are several shrubby species that we may consider as weeds. 

 Salix livida, quite common in dry soil in pastures and fields. Salix 

 humilis, Prairie Willow, and Salix discolor, Pussy Willow, are abun- 

 dant as roadside weeds in damp places. Salix sericea, Silky Willow, 

 and Salix lucida, Shining Willow, are common by streams and 

 ponds, their long roots often filling them up and choking water 

 courses. 



ORDER Coniferse. 



Common Juniper, Juniperus communis, dry, sterile hills and pas- 

 tures. 



ORDKR Aracese. 



Skunk Cabbage, Symplocarpus fcetidus, moist, springy fields and 

 near brooks. Its coarse, fibrous roots are hard to dig up. 



ORDER Naiadacese. 



Pond weeds, Potamogetons, of which there are several species, are 

 abundant in ponds and streams, sometimes completely filling up and 

 changing water courses. 



ORDER Iridacese. 

 Blue Flag, Iris versicolor, in wet meadows. 



ORDER Smilaceae. 



Green-brier, Smilax rotundifolia, grows abundantly on the borders of 

 woods and thickets, and on account of its tough roots and formidable 

 scattered prickles, it is hard to eradicate. 



