20 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 



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cocoon, and as we show below that of Ctenucha is formed simply 

 of hairs. There is but one brood in the year, since the larvae 

 hybernate, and at the beginning of summer pupate, to become 

 moths in the middle of the season. 



PUPA. The pupa of Zygaena is represented as of a form 

 intermediate between ^Egeria and Arctia, being much stouter 

 than the first and somewhat more so than the last. The head is 

 prominent and the tips of the abdomen subacute. Ctenucha is 

 more arctian, while Castnia and Alypia are elongate slender, 

 with the head made especially prominent by the tuberculous 

 clypeus. 



In common with the Sphingidas and .ZEgeriadae, the Zygae- 

 nidae are confined to the temperate and tropical regions. The 

 family type Zyg&na has its metropolis about the Mediterra- 

 nean Sea, and thence spreads to the north of Europe, and south- 

 ward to the Cape of Good Hope. Z. exulans is found as far 

 north as Lapland, and in vertical distribution rises 6000 to 

 7000 feet in the Alps of Styria. 



The types of the Castniares however are tropical American. 

 Alypia is the most northern genus, extending into the Hudson 

 Bay Territories. Glaucopis and allies which form an immense 

 number of species are almost exclusively tropical American. 

 In Australia as Klug observes, Castnia is represented by Syne- 

 mon. The American genus Eudryas is represented by very 

 closely allied South African genera. 



From the study of the illustrations of Hiibner, Moore and 

 Her rich- Schaaffer we are convinced that there are forms which 

 lead from Castnia to Zygaena so gradually as to unite the old 

 families of Castniares and Zygaenidas into a single group equiv- 

 alent in value to the Sphingidas, Noctuidae or Phalaenidae of 

 Latreille's families of moths, first proposed in 1807 in the " Gen- 

 era Crust, et Insectorum." The genera Eusemia, Neochera, 

 Anagnia, Milionia, Eterusia, Pintia and Agalope show this 

 transition. They have the simple antennas, in most cases ; the 

 broad secondaries, the long nervules, stout hairy palpi and 

 bands and spots of the Castniares, with more superficial but 

 striking resemblances to the Glaucopides among the Zygaenidas. 



It follows, therefore, that the two subdivisions of the groups 

 are subfamilies, each of which I would consider as the equiva- 

 lent of the Lithosiidas, the Atticidae or any other one of the 

 subdivisions of the family Bombycidae. 



