ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 3 



which are in a foreign tongue, may with still greater em- 

 phasis be repeated by us in New England, especially as far 

 as the young of our marine animals are concerned. These 

 chapters are written as introductions to larger works and 

 more exhaustive monographs. 



These pages may be of use to those who, while not be- 

 ginners, have yet made such progress in the study of our 

 marine animals as to wish some guide in the determina- 

 tion of a few of the different specific forms of lower marine 

 life which he meets. It is not a monograph nor an origi- 

 nal contribution to the subject. It is an aid to the col- 

 lector, and is intended to meet certain difficulties which 

 even the professional naturalist encounters in the identi- 

 fication of animals. 



II. KINDS OF COLLECTING. 



It is well for the student of our Ccelenterata and Echino- 

 dermata to be familiar with methods of collecting in three 

 different regions. 



A. Shore Collecting, or collecting of animals from the 

 littoral zone. 



B. Dredging, or collecting from depths below low tides. 

 (7. Surface Collecting, or collecting from the surface 



of the water. 



A. SHORE COLLECTING. 



In order to study the marine larvse of jelly fishes and 

 starfishes, it is often necessary to raise them from the 

 egg. The capture of adults with ova is therefore a de- 

 sideratum. The apparatus employed in shore collecting 

 is very simple. A jar or pail for specimens, a shovel or 

 trowel and a hand net are all that is required. The time 

 for collecting is generally at low-tide, and as more animals 

 are washed up after rough weather, the last days of a storm 

 give the best results. 



