TERRA-COTTA ROOFING-TILES. 



varieties of roofing-tiles in ancient Greece and adjacent 

 countries, uses the name of normal tile for this form. The 

 varieties of this tile and the different ways of using it may 

 be designated in this paper as follows : When the tegula is 

 used as an imbrex, as in China and India, it may be called 

 the normal tile (teg.) When the imbrex is used as tegula, 

 as in Mediterranean countries, it may be mentioned as nor- 

 mal tile (imb.) the ancient Grecian and Roman modification 

 as normal tile (fiat). The pan tile is one having a double 

 flexure forming in section the letter co and is known in 

 some parts of Germany as the S-tile. This tile is an evident 

 adaptation from the normal tile in combining the two ele- 

 ments imbrex and tegula in one piece. Originating in Bel- 

 gium or Holland, one can easily conceive a thrifty and frugal 

 people devising an economy of handling in making one 

 piece serve the purposes of two. 



The flat tile, or, as it is known in England, the plain tile, 

 has no genetic relation to the other forms of tiles. It is 

 simply a shingle in terra-cotta. It is rectangular in shape, 

 flat, often secured to the roof by nailing, and used, as shin- 

 gles are used, on the vertical side of a house. In roofing, 

 the tiles are adjusted precisely as wooden shingles are by 

 lapping and breaking joints. The German name, flat tile, 

 will be retained as being more descriptive and probably hav- 

 ing priority. 



The following outlines (fig. 8) represent in a general 

 way the types and varieties of roofing-tiles with their dis- 

 tribution. It should be understood that colonies past and 

 present of these respective countries, so far as I know, ad- 

 here to the form of roofing-tile of the parent country. As 

 an illustration, the few evidences of ancient roofing-tiles 

 in this country trace the flat tile ; discovered by Mr. E. A. 

 Barber in Pennsylvania, to German settlers ; the pan tile, 



KSSKX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIV 2 



