48 ON THE OLDER FORMS OF 



angular tile, in form like the ridge-tile, was used as a roof- 

 ing-tile. These tiles were placed in rows running from 

 the ridge to the eaves, with the crest uppermost, no under 

 tiles being used. The tiles were simply bedded in cows' 

 manure. Repeated questioning failed to modify this state- 

 ment. It is recorded that in other regions in the east it is 

 customary to plaster the house with manure. 



Photographs from the Caucasus show the normal tile 

 (imb.) in use. 



SWITZERLAND. 



The flat tile is everywhere common in Berne, Zurich 

 and other parts of northern Switzerland. In very old 

 houses the normal tile (i/iib.) is occasionally seen (fig. 67), 



but even in these cases the newer 

 additions to the roof are covered 

 with a flat tile. In some instances 

 the ridge is finished with wood or 

 metal, instead of the usual ridge- 

 tile. The tiles are often seen 

 aligned instead of breaking joint ; 

 FIG. 67. in this case the roof is first shin- 



gled. An elaborate structure of brick, stone and roofing- 

 tile, held together by mortar, forms the top of most of 

 the chimneys, and suggests the idea of a bird-house, or 

 such an affair as a child might build with blocks. 



They are certainly picturesque and apparently durable, 

 as none of them seem to be dilapidated. Fig. 68 is repro- 

 duced from a rough sketch of a few chimney tops in Berne. 

 At the Historical Museum at Berne, I found an interest- 

 ing collection of roofing-tiles. I learned that the curator 

 of this department was an architect, and this accounted 

 for the extent of the collection, which was the best one 

 that I saw any where in Europe. Among the tiles was one 



